When Does a Mare Need Antibiotics for a Uterine Infection?
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When Does a Mare Need Antibiotics for a Uterine Infection?
By Dr Duncan Houston
Antibiotics can be extremely useful in mare reproductive care, but only when they are used for the right reason.
A positive uterine culture does not automatically mean a mare has a true uterine infection. Bacteria can be contaminants, transient colonisers, or present without meaningful inflammation. The real question is not simply, “Did the culture grow something?” The better question is: is there evidence that the uterus is inflamed, infected, failing to clear fluid, or becoming a poor environment for pregnancy?
That is why good reproductive care does not treat a lab result in isolation. It combines history, ultrasound, reproductive anatomy, uterine culture, cytology, sometimes biopsy, and the mare’s breeding pattern. Antibiotics are only one tool. Uterine lavage, ecbolics, correcting anatomical defects, and improving uterine clearance can be just as important, and sometimes more important, than reaching for another drug.
Quick Answer
A mare usually needs antibiotics for a uterine infection when there is evidence of infectious endometritis, not just a positive culture. That means culture results should be interpreted alongside cytology, ultrasound findings, uterine fluid, reproductive history, clinical signs, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment should be guided by culture and susceptibility where possible, and uterine lavage is often used before intrauterine therapy to remove fluid, debris, and inflammatory material that can reduce antibiotic effectiveness. (Faculty of Science)
What Is Endometritis in Mares?
Endometritis means inflammation of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. It is one of the major causes of subfertility in mares and may occur with or without infection. The University of Melbourne antimicrobial prescribing guidance describes equine endometritis as inflammation with or without infection of the endometrium, and notes that post-breeding induced endometritis can predispose susceptible mares to infectious endometritis. (Faculty of Science)
This distinction matters.
Not every inflamed uterus is infected. After breeding, some inflammation is normal. The mare’s uterus is designed to clear sperm, seminal plasma, bacteria, debris, and inflammatory material before the embryo enters the uterus. In fertile mares, this post-breeding inflammatory response usually resolves quickly. In susceptible mares, clearance is delayed, fluid remains, and the uterine environment can become hostile to pregnancy. (IVIS)
Infectious Endometritis vs Post-Breeding Endometritis
These two problems can overlap, but they are not identical.
| Problem | What is happening | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Normal post-breeding inflammation | The mare clears semen, bacteria, and debris after breeding | Usually resolves without antibiotics |
| Persistent breeding-induced endometritis | The mare fails to clear fluid and inflammation quickly enough | Can reduce fertility and may progress to infection |
| Infectious endometritis | Pathogenic bacteria or fungi are present with inflammation | May require targeted treatment |
| Chronic endometritis or endometrosis | Long-term inflammatory or degenerative uterine change | Fertility prognosis may become more guarded |
The clinical mistake is treating every post-breeding uterine reaction as infection. The opposite mistake is ignoring fluid, inflammation, and repeat breeding failure until the mare has lost another cycle.
Why a Positive Culture Alone Is Not Enough
A uterine culture tells you what grew from the sample. It does not, by itself, prove that the organism is causing disease.
Sampling the uterus is tricky because swabs and instruments pass through the caudal reproductive tract before reaching the uterus. Contamination can happen if technique is poor, if the vulva is not prepared properly, or if the sample does not truly represent the endometrium. University of Melbourne guidance notes that definitive diagnosis of infectious endometritis is made using culture and cytology, and that careful cleaning and sampling technique are important to reduce false positives and avoid iatrogenic infection. (Faculty of Science)
Cytology looks for inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils. If culture is positive but cytology is normal, the result may represent contamination, transient colonisation, or bacteria that are not currently driving inflammation. That does not mean the result should always be ignored, but it does mean antibiotics should not be automatic.
The best clinical interpretation is usually:
| Result pattern | What it may mean |
|---|---|
| Positive culture plus inflammatory cytology | Infectious endometritis is more likely |
| Positive culture with normal cytology | Contamination, colonisation, early infection, biofilm, or false-positive culture must be considered |
| Negative culture with inflammatory cytology | Hidden infection, biofilm, fungal disease, poor sample, PBIE, or noninfectious inflammation may be possible |
| Fluid on ultrasound after breeding | Uterine clearance problem, with or without infection |
| Repeat breeding failure | Needs broader reproductive investigation, not just antibiotics |
This is where real reproductive medicine lives: in the interpretation, not just the report.
Why Cytology Matters So Much
Cytology helps answer the question culture cannot answer alone: is the uterus reacting?
A mare with true infectious endometritis usually has evidence of inflammation. Cytology helps identify that inflammation faster than waiting for culture alone, and it helps prevent unnecessary antibiotic use when a culture grows bacteria but the uterus is not inflamed.
Cytology is not perfect. Some cases require low-volume lavage, biopsy, repeat sampling, or deeper investigation, especially if biofilm, chronic disease, or dormant organisms are suspected. University of Melbourne guidance notes that low-volume lavage samples a larger endometrial surface area and may improve sensitivity compared with a guarded swab, while biopsy may be considered when bacteria are suspected within crypts or biofilm-producing organisms are involved. (Faculty of Science)
The practical message: culture tells you what grew. Cytology helps tell you whether it matters.
Which Organisms Are Commonly Involved?
Several bacteria and fungi can be isolated from mares with endometritis. Commonly reported bacteria include Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus species, Enterobacter, and Proteus. Fungal causes may include Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species. (Faculty of Science)
The organism matters because treatment choice should be targeted. Gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungal organisms, biofilm-associated infections, and venereal pathogens are not managed the same way.
This is why “just give antibiotics” is not a reproductive plan. It is a guess with a syringe.
Why Biofilm Makes Some Uterine Infections Harder
Some bacteria can form biofilm. A biofilm is a protective matrix that allows organisms to hide from immune cells and reduces antimicrobial penetration. University of Melbourne guidance notes that many isolates from the equine uterus can form biofilm, and that this can delay diagnosis and reduce response to traditional intrauterine antimicrobial therapy. (Faculty of Science)
Biofilm is one reason some mares have repeat positive cultures, repeat breeding failure, or inflammation that does not behave like a simple infection.
In those cases, treatment may need more than antibiotics. It may involve lavage, mucolytic or biofilm-disrupting strategies, better sampling, biopsy, and correction of underlying clearance or anatomical problems.
When Are Antibiotics Appropriate?
Antibiotics are most appropriate when there is reasonable evidence of bacterial infectious endometritis.
That may include:
| Finding | Why it supports treatment |
|---|---|
| Positive culture with inflammatory cytology | Stronger evidence of true infection |
| Uterine fluid plus inflammation | Poor clearance and active uterine response |
| Repeat breeding failure with consistent diagnostic findings | Infection or chronic inflammation may be affecting fertility |
| Pathogenic organism with compatible signs | Treatment can be targeted |
| Postpartum metritis or systemic illness | Higher-risk situation |
| Infection confirmed by biopsy or low-volume lavage | Stronger diagnostic confidence |
| Susceptibility results available | Antibiotic choice can be narrowed |
Current equine antimicrobial guidance recommends that treatment for infectious endometritis should be guided by cytology, culture, and susceptibility testing, and also states that prophylactic intrauterine antimicrobials are not recommended in mares. (Faculty of Science)
When Should Antibiotics Be Avoided?
Antibiotics should be avoided or delayed when there is no clear evidence that they are needed.
Examples include:
| Situation | Why antibiotics may not be appropriate |
|---|---|
| Positive culture with no inflammation and no clinical concern | May be contamination or colonisation |
| Routine prophylactic treatment after breeding | Not recommended as a standard approach |
| Normal post-breeding inflammation | This is physiological, not automatically infection |
| Poor sampling technique | Repeat sampling may be better than treating a bad result |
| Fungal endometritis suspicion | Antibacterial therapy may worsen the situation |
| No culture or cytology in a stable mare | Testing should guide treatment where possible |
| Recurrent infection with poor vulvar conformation | Anatomy must be corrected or recurrence is likely |
A clinically applicable review of intrauterine therapies also warns that judicious antibiotic use is essential, recommends basing antibiotic use on bacterial culture and sensitivity or cytological appearance, and notes that intrauterine antibiotic treatment should be avoided during diestrus because it may promote fungal endometritis. (cdn.ymaws.com)
Why Uterine Flushing Matters
Uterine lavage is often not glamorous, but it is one of the most important parts of managing susceptible mares.
Fluid, pus, inflammatory debris, mucus, and cellular material can dilute antibiotics, bind to antibiotics, and reduce contact between medication and the endometrium. An AAEP uterine lavage review explains that antimicrobials placed into a uterus full of fluid and debris may have reduced activity because of binding to cellular debris, dilution in exudate, and reduced contact with the endometrium. Uterine lavage can help by reducing bacterial numbers, removing exudate, stimulating uterine contractions, and improving clearance. (IVIS)
In simple terms: do not pour medicine into a dirty swimming pool and expect perfect contact with the wall.
Lavage is often used before intrauterine antibiotics because it clears the environment first.
Intrauterine Antibiotics vs Systemic Antibiotics
Both approaches can be useful, but they suit different situations.
| Factor | Intrauterine antibiotics | Systemic antibiotics |
|---|---|---|
| Where the drug goes | Directly into the uterus | Reaches uterus through the bloodstream |
| Best suited for | Localised uterine infection in selected mares | Systemic illness, difficult uterine access, selected pathogens, or when uterine penetration is adequate |
| Main advantage | High local concentration | Less repeated uterine entry |
| Main downside | Risk of contamination, irritation, poor retention, and reduced efficacy if debris or fluid remains | Longer courses may be needed, not every drug penetrates uterine tissue well |
| Diagnostic need | Culture, cytology, susceptibility strongly preferred | Culture and susceptibility still preferred |
| Practical concern | Requires excellent technique | Requires appropriate drug choice and duration |
Systemic antibiotic options have been studied for bacterial endometritis in mares, but success is not guaranteed and culture positivity may persist after treatment in some cases. A clinical Frontiers study comparing systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine with intrauterine ozone found bacterial growth reduced after treatment, but complete absence of intrauterine bacterial growth was not achieved across treatment groups. (Frontiers)
The takeaway is not that one route is always better. The takeaway is that route, drug choice, diagnosis, and mare factors all matter.
Why Technique Matters With Intrauterine Treatment
Intrauterine treatment can help, but it can also create problems if done poorly.
Risks include:
| Risk | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Introducing bacteria | Repeated uterine entry can contaminate the uterus |
| Endometrial irritation | Some drugs or concentrations can irritate the uterus |
| Poor distribution | Low volume or poor technique may not reach the full endometrial surface |
| Treatment at the wrong stage of cycle | May reduce fertility or increase complications |
| Antibiotic overuse | Increases resistance and fungal risk |
| Treating without lavage | Fluid and debris may reduce efficacy |
University of Melbourne guidance notes that intrauterine infusions should be administered after appropriate vulvar and perineal preparation, with clean equipment to avoid further contamination. (Faculty of Science)
This is not a “squirt something in and hope” procedure. It is reproductive medicine. The uterus has standards.
Why Anatomical Defects Must Be Fixed
Antibiotics may clear an infection temporarily, but they will not fix a mare that is constantly recontaminating her uterus.
Common predisposing problems include:
| Anatomical issue | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Poor vulvar conformation | Allows air, faecal material, or bacteria to enter |
| Pneumovagina | Air enters the reproductive tract |
| Vestibulovaginal reflux | Contamination can move forward toward the uterus |
| Cervical tears or incompetence | The uterus may not drain or protect itself properly |
| Pendulous uterus | Fluid clearance is harder |
| Urovagina | Urine pooling irritates and contaminates tissues |
| Perineal body defects | Weak caudal reproductive barrier |
University of Melbourne guidance notes that age and parity can lead to acquired anatomical defects such as poor perineal and vulvar conformation, cervical incompetence, and a pendulous uterus, and that surgical correction should be addressed in these cases. (Faculty of Science)
The practical rule: if anatomy keeps allowing contamination, antibiotics become a temporary clean-up crew for a problem that keeps returning.
The Role of Caslick’s and Other Surgical Corrections
A Caslick’s vulvoplasty may be useful when poor vulvar seal contributes to contamination. More severe defects may require perineal body repair, urethral extension, or uteropexy depending on the mare’s anatomy and reproductive goals. University of Melbourne guidance states that anatomical defects should be surgically repaired as soon as possible to improve reproductive outcomes and reduce future reliance on antimicrobials. (Faculty of Science)
This is where many repeat breeder mares are lost: the infection is treated, but the reason the uterus keeps becoming contaminated is never fixed.
How Do Vets Diagnose a Mare With Suspected Endometritis?
A good workup usually includes more than one test.
| Diagnostic step | What it helps assess |
|---|---|
| Reproductive history | Repeat breeding, early pregnancy loss, prior infections, foaling history |
| External conformation exam | Vulvar seal, perineal angle, pneumovagina risk |
| Vaginoscopy | Discharge source, urine pooling, cervical issues |
| Transrectal ultrasound | Uterine fluid, oedema, cysts, pregnancy timing |
| Uterine culture | Identifies bacteria or fungi |
| Uterine cytology | Confirms inflammation |
| Culture and susceptibility | Helps choose narrow, effective treatment |
| Low-volume uterine lavage | Samples more of the endometrial surface |
| Endometrial biopsy | Assesses chronic inflammation, fibrosis, biofilm concern, fertility prognosis |
| Repeat testing after treatment | Confirms whether inflammation and infection resolved |
University of Melbourne guidance lists culture, cytology, guarded swab, low-volume lavage, and biopsy as diagnostic tools, with low-volume lavage offering the advantage of sampling more of the endometrial surface. (Faculty of Science)
How Worried Should You Be?
| Risk level | What it looks like | What it may mean | What to do |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low concern | Positive culture only, normal cytology, no uterine fluid, no repeat breeding issue | Possible contamination or colonisation | Discuss interpretation with your vet before treating |
| Moderate concern | Mild uterine fluid, repeat breeding history, abnormal post-breeding fluid clearance | PBIE or early infectious endometritis | Veterinary reproductive workup recommended |
| High concern | Positive culture plus inflammatory cytology, persistent fluid, repeat breeding failure, abnormal discharge | Infectious endometritis likely | Targeted treatment, lavage, and follow-up testing are needed |
| Critical | Fever, depression, foul discharge, postpartum illness, retained membranes, metritis, severe pain, systemic signs | Potential reproductive emergency | Call a vet urgently |
Routine breeding endometritis is often not a same-hour emergency. Postpartum metritis, fever, depression, foul discharge, retained fetal membranes, or systemic illness are different. Those are not “wait until Monday” problems.
What Else Can Look Like a Uterine Infection?
Not every mare that fails to conceive has infectious endometritis.
Important rule-outs include:
| Condition | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Persistent breeding-induced endometritis | Inflammation and fluid retention without initial infection |
| Poor timing of breeding | Ovulation timing may be the real issue |
| Stallion fertility or semen quality problems | Mare may be blamed incorrectly |
| Poor vulvar conformation | Causes repeated contamination |
| Cervical incompetence or adhesions | Uterine clearance can fail |
| Endometrial fibrosis or endometrosis | Fertility prognosis changes |
| Uterine cysts | Can complicate pregnancy diagnosis or fertility |
| Fungal endometritis | Often follows repeated antibiotic use and is harder to treat |
| Venereal pathogen risk | Requires specific testing based on region and breeding rules |
| Oviductal or embryonic factors | May contribute to repeat pregnancy failure |
| Poor body condition or systemic disease | Reduces reproductive performance |
The real clinical question is not “does she need antibiotics?”
It is: why is this mare not establishing or maintaining pregnancy?
When Is This an Emergency?
Call a veterinarian urgently if a mare has:
| Red flag | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Fever | Possible systemic infection |
| Depression or not eating | Mare may be systemically unwell |
| Foul-smelling uterine discharge | Concern for metritis or severe infection |
| Retained fetal membranes | High risk postpartum condition |
| Severe colic signs after foaling or breeding | Needs urgent assessment |
| Profuse discharge after foaling | Could indicate metritis or trauma |
| Laminitis signs after postpartum infection | Systemic inflammation can trigger serious complications |
| Severe vulvar or perineal trauma | Reproductive tract contamination and injury risk |
| Suspected pyometra | Uterine pus accumulation needs veterinary care |
| Rapid deterioration after treatment | Could indicate worsening infection or drug reaction |
A repeat breeder mare needs a plan. A sick postpartum mare needs urgent care.
What Should You Do Right Now?
1. Do not treat a culture result blindly
Ask whether cytology was performed and whether there was evidence of inflammation.
2. Ask what organism grew
A light mixed growth, environmental contaminants, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, yeast, and fungal organisms do not all mean the same thing.
3. Ask whether susceptibility testing is available
Antibiotics should be narrowed where possible.
4. Ask whether ultrasound showed fluid
Uterine fluid changes urgency and often changes the treatment plan.
5. Ask whether lavage is needed
If there is fluid, debris, mucus, or pus, lavage may be important before intrauterine treatment.
6. Ask whether this is PBIE rather than infection
A mare that accumulates fluid after breeding may need a clearance plan, not automatic antibiotics.
7. Check reproductive anatomy
Poor vulvar conformation, pneumovagina, cervical damage, urine pooling, or a pendulous uterus can make infection recur.
8. Do not keep breeding through unresolved infection
If the uterus is inflamed or infected, conception may fail and early embryonic loss may occur.
9. Retest after treatment when appropriate
Follow-up culture, cytology, and ultrasound help confirm the uterus is suitable before breeding again.
10. Keep records
Track cycle dates, breeding dates, ovulation timing, ultrasound findings, culture results, cytology results, treatments, discharge, pregnancy outcomes, and recurrence.
Common Mistakes Owners Make
Mistake 1: Treating every positive culture
A positive culture without inflammation is not always a disease.
Mistake 2: Skipping cytology
Without cytology, you lose one of the best tools for deciding whether the uterus is actually inflamed.
Mistake 3: Using antibiotics instead of fixing clearance
Mares that retain fluid often need a uterine clearance plan. Antibiotics alone may not solve it.
Mistake 4: Ignoring vulvar conformation
If air and contamination keep entering the reproductive tract, the infection may keep returning.
Mistake 5: Not flushing before intrauterine treatment
Fluid and debris can reduce antibiotic efficacy. Lavage often improves the uterine environment before medication.
Mistake 6: Overusing antibiotics after breeding
Prophylactic intrauterine antibiotics are not recommended as a standard regimen, and overuse can promote fungal infection and resistance. (Faculty of Science)
Mistake 7: Missing fungal endometritis
Fungal endometritis is harder to treat, often recurrent, and may follow repeated antibacterial therapy. (Faculty of Science)
Mistake 8: Not confirming resolution before breeding again
A mare may look normal externally while the uterus is still inflamed.
Prevention: How To Reduce Uterine Infection Risk
Prevention is about helping the mare clear contamination and reducing the chance of bacteria entering or staying in the uterus.
| Prevention step | Why it helps |
|---|---|
| Pre-breeding reproductive exam | Finds conformation, cervical, uterine, or fluid problems early |
| Culture plus cytology when indicated | Reduces unnecessary treatment and missed infection |
| Correct poor vulvar conformation | Reduces ascending contamination |
| Manage PBIE proactively | Helps susceptible mares clear post-breeding inflammation |
| Breed at the right time | Reduces repeated breeding and uterine exposure |
| Use good hygiene during breeding and procedures | Reduces iatrogenic contamination |
| Avoid unnecessary intrauterine treatments | Protects uterus and reduces resistance |
| Use lavage and ecbolics when appropriate | Supports uterine clearance |
| Retest problem mares | Confirms readiness before breeding |
| Investigate repeat failure properly | Prevents repeated blind antibiotic cycles |
A mare with repeat breeding failure deserves a full reproductive strategy, not just the same bottle of antibiotics with a different label.
Intrauterine vs Systemic Antibiotics: How Vets Decide
| Decision point | Intrauterine may fit better when | Systemic may fit better when |
|---|---|---|
| Infection location | Localised uterine infection | Systemic illness or tissue infection concern |
| Mare handling | Safe repeated uterine access is possible | Mare is difficult or repeated entry is risky |
| Uterine fluid | Lavage can clear debris first | Systemic therapy may be added if deeper or systemic disease exists |
| Pathogen | Susceptible to local therapy | Drug achieves useful uterine tissue levels |
| Contamination risk | Excellent aseptic technique can be used | Avoiding repeated uterine entry is preferred |
| Cycle stage | Treatment can be timed appropriately | Intrauterine treatment is poorly timed or inappropriate |
| Fertility plan | Breeding may be delayed until resolved | Depends on severity and treatment duration |
The right answer is mare-specific. In reproductive medicine, shortcuts are often expensive in foals not born.
Will the Mare Still Be Fertile?
Many mares with bacterial endometritis can return to breeding successfully when the problem is diagnosed early, treated appropriately, and underlying issues are corrected. University of Melbourne guidance notes that bacterial endometritis can often be treated successfully with sexual rest, uterine lavage, ecbolics, and antimicrobials, but also warns that chronic untreated bacterial endometritis may irreparably damage the endometrium and leave a guarded fertility prognosis. (Faculty of Science)
The prognosis is better when:
| Good sign | Why it helps |
|---|---|
| Diagnosis is made early | Less chronic endometrial damage |
| Culture and cytology match | Treatment decision is clearer |
| Susceptibility guides antibiotics | Better targeting |
| Uterine fluid clears | Better environment for embryo survival |
| Anatomy is corrected | Less recurrence |
| Follow-up testing is clean | More confidence before breeding |
| Mare is managed for PBIE | Reduces repeat inflammation |
| No fungal infection | Usually simpler to treat |
The prognosis becomes more guarded with chronic fibrosis, endometrosis, fungal endometritis, persistent fluid, untreated anatomical defects, biofilm-associated infection, and repeated failed cycles.
Related Mare Reproductive Topics To Link Internally
| Related topic | Why it connects |
|---|---|
| Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares | Common cause of repeat breeding failure |
| Why Is My Mare Not Getting Pregnant? | Endometritis is one important differential |
| Uterine Fluid After Breeding | Fluid clearance changes management |
| Caslick’s Procedure in Mares | Poor vulvar seal can drive repeat infection |
| Fungal Endometritis in Mares | Often linked with repeated antibiotic use |
| Preparing a Mare for Breeding | Prevention starts before the breeding cycle |
FAQs About Antibiotics and Mare Uterine Infections
Does a positive uterine culture mean my mare needs antibiotics?
Not always. A positive culture should be interpreted with cytology, ultrasound findings, reproductive history, clinical signs, and sample quality. If there is no inflammation and no clinical concern, antibiotics may be unnecessary.
Why does my vet want cytology as well as culture?
Culture identifies what grows. Cytology helps show whether the uterus is inflamed. Together, they reduce the risk of missing true infection or treating contamination.
Is uterine flushing enough without antibiotics?
Sometimes, especially in mares with fluid retention or post-breeding inflammation rather than confirmed infection. If infectious endometritis is confirmed, flushing may be combined with targeted antimicrobials.
Are intrauterine antibiotics better than systemic antibiotics?
Not always. Intrauterine antibiotics can achieve high local concentrations but require excellent technique and the right timing. Systemic antibiotics may be better in selected cases, especially when repeated uterine entry is risky or systemic illness is present.
Why does my mare keep getting uterine infections?
Common reasons include poor vulvar conformation, pneumovagina, urine pooling, cervical defects, a pendulous uterus, persistent breeding-induced endometritis, biofilm, chronic endometrial disease, or incomplete treatment. Repeat infection usually means the underlying cause needs investigation.
The Bottom Line
Antibiotics are valuable in mare reproductive care, but they should not be used just because a culture grew bacteria.
The strongest treatment decisions combine culture, cytology, ultrasound, reproductive history, anatomy, and the mare’s breeding pattern. If there is true infectious endometritis, antibiotics should be targeted and supported by good uterine clearance. If the problem is post-breeding inflammation, retained fluid, poor conformation, or chronic uterine disease, antibiotics alone may miss the real issue.
The safest rule is simple: treat the mare, not just the culture. Confirm inflammation, clear the uterus, choose antimicrobials carefully, correct anatomical defects, and recheck before breeding again.
If you are unsure whether your mare’s culture result means true infection, whether cytology is needed, or whether repeat breeding failure is linked to uterine inflammation, ASK A VET™ can help you understand what signs matter and when veterinary care is needed.