Aspergillosis in Dogs: Vet Guide 2025 🌿🐶

Hi, I’m Dr Duncan Houston BVSc. In this comprehensive 2025 veterinary guide, we explore canine aspergillosis—a fungal disease affecting the nose, sinuses, and sometimes the entire body. We'll cover its biology, risk factors, diagnostic strategies, and the most effective treatments available today.

🌱 What Is Aspergillosis?

Aspergillus is a genus of fungi—fluffy, airborne, and ubiquitous in our environment. Only when dogs are immunocompromised or heavily exposed does infection occur.

• Aspergillus fumigatus – causes sinonasal disease
• Aspergillus terreus – associated with systemic spread

🔬 Fungal Biology & Infection Mechanism

• Adapts and thrives in organic matter
• Disease occurs when fungal spores (conidia) bypass natural defenses
• Invasive infection can destroy nasal bones; localized fungal balls (aspergillomas) also appear

🩺 Sinonasal Aspergillosis: The Most Common Form

• Unilateral, foul-smelling nasal discharge
• Ulceration, intermittent nosebleeds, chronic discharges
• Breeds at risk: long-nosed dogs (e.g., collies, dachshunds), retrievers, Rottweilers
• Greater risk after 1 year of age

🎯 Diagnosis of Sinonasal Disease

Criteria (need ≥2):

1. CT/MRI showing bone erosion
2. Visual fungal colonies via rhinoscopy
3. Lab confirmation via cytology or culture
4. Positive antibody or antigen test (galactomannan or PCR)

🗺️ Diagnostic Pathway

Work-up involves CT and rhinoscopy under anesthesia. Referral to specialists is often necessary due to equipment needs.

💉 Topical Treatment: Clotrimazole Infusion

• Under general anesthesia—with throat and nostrils sealed
• 1% clotrimazole infused into sinuses and nasal passages
• Maintains contact for ~1 hour; patient repositioned for full coverage
• 86% success; about one-third require additional treatments
• Clinical signs usually resolve within weeks

🆘 When Topical Isn't Enough

If the fungus invades brain tissue, surgical methods are not safe—systemic antifungals take over:

• Itraconazole, fluconazole over months
• Success rates range from 60–70%

🌍 Disseminated Aspergillosis: The More Severe Form

• Occurs when fungus spreads beyond the sinuses
• Predisposed breeds: German Shepherds
• Poor prognosis; chronic illness common

🔎 Clinical Signs of Systemic Disease

• Fever, weight loss, poor appetite
• Lameness, spinal pain, neurological signs
• Draining skin tracts, eye inflammation

🧪 Diagnosing Systemic Disease

• X-rays may suggest bone breakdown
• Fungal culture or cytology from tissue/drainage
• Antibody/antigen tests less reliable—species-specific limitations

🔬 Treatment of Systemic Disease

Systemic aspergillosis is tough to treat:

• Posaconazole – best current choice
• Months to lifelong therapy required
• Surgical excision (e.g., amputation) when feasible

📅 Recovery & Monitoring

• Recheck imaging and tests every 1–3 months
• Monitor for adverse drug effects—liver, kidney function
• Manage relapses aggressively

📌 2025 Aspergillosis Checklist

• ✔️ Maintain high suspicion with chronic nasal signs
• ✔️ Refer early to specialists for CT/rhinoscopy
• ✔️ Use topical treatment early when indicated
• ✔️ Monitor closely post-treatment

🗣️ Final Thoughts from Dr Duncan Houston

Sinonasal aspergillosis responds well to modern topical treatments; systemic disease remains challenging. Awareness, early referral, and expert care save lives and prevent suffering. Don't hesitate to seek specialized veterinary attention if your dog shows persistent nasal issues or systemic illness.

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—Dr Duncan Houston BVSc