🔍 What Is Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis?

Calcium oxalate urolithiasis refers to the formation of hard stones composed of calcium and oxalate in the feline urinary tract—bladder, ureters, or kidneys. These are the most frequently diagnosed uroliths in cats today, responsible for roughly 40–50% of cases :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.

🐱 Which Cats Are at Higher Risk?

• Middle-aged to older cats – most cases
• Male cats – narrower urethra increases discomfort and blockage risk :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
• Purebred/longhaired breeds – Himalayan, Persian, Burmese, Scottish Fold, Ragdoll :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
• Obese or less active cats
• Cats with hypercalcemia or idiopathic hypercalcemia (seen in about 35%) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

⚠️ Signs & Symptoms to Monitor

Signs range from subtle to severe:

• Straining to urinate (stranguria)
• Frequent urination in small amounts (pollakiuria)
• Blood in urine (hematuria)
• Accidents outside the litter box
• Urinary obstruction—an emergency
• Increased frequency, vocalizing during urination, lethargy :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

🔬 What Causes These Stones?

Calcium oxalate stones form when urine is saturated with both calcium and oxalate. Key contributing factors include:

• Hypercalciuria due to hypercalcemia (35% of cases) :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
• Dietary excess of calcium or oxalate–rich foods
• Acidic urine favors CaOx stones :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
• High animal protein intake increases acid load, calcium, lowers citrate :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}
• Low magnesium, B6 deficiency, certain urinary proteins :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}
• Prior diet changes aimed at struvite stone prevention shifted formation toward CaOx :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}

🩺 Diagnosing Urolithiasis

Diagnosis typically includes:

• History & clinical signs: straining, hematuria, accidents
• Urinalysis: pH, specific gravity, crystals, blood, sediment
• Bloodwork: kidney function, calcium levels :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}
• Imaging:
  • X‑rays: CaOx stones appear radiopaque—usually visible :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}
  • Ultrasound: identifies non-reported stones and blockages :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}
• Stone analysis: after removal, to confirm composition :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}

🚑 Treatment & Emergency Options

Medical dissolution does not work for CaOx stones. Removal is required:

• **Surgical cystotomy** to extract bladder stones :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}
• **Urohydropropulsion** for small stones in female cats :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}
• **Ureteral/urethral catheterization** for obstruction relief
• **Perineal urethrostomy** for recurrent obstructions in males :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}
• **Advanced treatments**: emerging burst-wave lithotripsy for noninvasive stone fragmentation :contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}

Post-removal care includes pain control, fluids, and monitoring urination.

🌱 Long-Term Prevention & Management

The most important steps to prevent recurrence include:

• Hydration boost: Wet food + water fountains to dilute urine (USG <1.025–1.030) :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}
• Prescription diets: low-oxalate, moderate sodium, balanced minerals, adjusted pH (~6.0–6.5) :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}
• Urine alkalization supplements: Potassium citrate to raise pH to ~7.0–7.5 :contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}
• Diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/kg q12 h) in recurrent cases :contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}
• Vitamin B6 supplementation: 2 mg/kg daily :contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}
• Calcium monitoring: Regular blood checks to detect hypercalcemia early
• Weight management: Keep cats lean and active

📊 Prognosis & Follow-Up

• Good prognosis: First-time stones removed early, with diet and hydration follow-up
• Guarded prognosis: Recurrent stones require long-term diet and supplements
• Serious prognosis: Obstructive male cats—may need perineal urethrostomy

Periodic urine checks, imaging, and bloodwork (every 3–6 months) reduce recurrence :contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.

🐾 Practical Tips for Cat Parents

• 📅 Feed only high-moisture wet food and fresh water.
• 💧 Add broths or nutrient-enhanced water to encourage sipping.
• 🍽️ Avoid homemade high-oxalate recipes; consult a veterinary nutritionist.
• 🧂 Control sodium intake—no excess supplements.
• ⚖️ Monitor body condition to prevent obesity.
• 🏥 Follow regular vet visits and diagnostics.
• 📲 Use Ask A Vet for anytime advice; Woopf & Purrz offer stress-reducing resources during recovery.