🔍 What Is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal failure, is an irreversible, progressive loss of kidney function over months or years. In cats, it’s one of the most common causes of illness and death in older pets :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.

⚠️ Origins & Causes

• Idiopathic tubulointerstitial nephritis: The most frequent cause, leading to scarring of kidney tissue :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.
• Age-related wear & tear: CKD affects up to 30–40% of cats over 10, rising to ~80% in cats older than 15 :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
• Congenital/genetic: PKD in Persians, familial amyloidosis, polycystic kidney disease :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
• Chronic injuries: Infections (pyelonephritis), toxins (antifreeze), dental disease, hypertension, glomerulonephritis :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.

🚩 Signs & Symptoms

• **Increased thirst and urination (PU/PD)**—often one of the first signs :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.
• Weight loss, decreased appetite, lethargy, vomiting, uremic breath, poor coat quality :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.
• Occasional diarrhea, oral ulcers, dehydration, muscle weakness, hypertension signs :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
• Many cats are asymptomatic until ~75% of kidney function is lost :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.

🔬 Diagnosis by Your Vet

1. Bloodwork & urinalysis: Creatinine, BUN, phosphorus, potassium, SDMA; dilute urine (<1.035 USG) :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.
2. SDMA test: Earlier detection—rises before creatinine in kidney disease :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.
3. Urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC): Monitors protein loss :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.
4. Blood pressure: Hypertension commonly co-occurs with CKD :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
5. Imaging: Ultrasound or X-ray to identify PKD, stones, tumors :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.

🛠️ Treatment & Management

1. Therapeutic Diet

• Low-protein, low-phosphorus, controlled sodium & supplemented potassium and omega-3 fatty acids—slows CKD progression and reduces metabolic acidosis :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.

2. Fluid Therapy

• Subcutaneous fluids at home or IV fluids during flare-ups to prevent dehydration and support renal perfusion :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.

3. Medications

• Phosphate binders—if hyperphosphatemia is present :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.
• Anti-hypertensives: Amlodipine commonly used to control blood pressure :contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.
• Erythropoietin support: For anemia—iron supplementation ± ESA agents :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.
• Bicarbonate or potassium citrate: Corrects metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.
• Anti-nausea & appetite stimulants: Ondansetron, mirtazapine to maintain nutrition and comfort :contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.

4. Treat Underlying Causes

• Antibiotics for infections, dewormers for parasitic disease, manage hyperthyroidism if coexisting :contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.
• PKD management—ultrasound monitoring and supportive care; avoid breeding affected Persians :contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.

🏡 Home Care & Monitoring

• Daily logs: water intake, appetite, urine output, vomiting, energy levels.
• Feed wet renal-formula food or add water to kibble.
• Encourage hydration—water fountains help.
• Comfortable, low-stress environment; soft bedding from **Woopf** & **Purrz**.
• Use **Ask A Vet** app for remote check-ins, reminders, and dosing guidance.

📅 Follow-Up & Prognosis

• Regular rechecks every 3–6 months: physical, blood, urine, blood pressure.
• Adjust diet and medications based on trends in lab values.
• Prognosis depends on stage and management: early-stage cats may live years; advanced cases need focused palliative care :contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.

📝 Quick Reference Table