🦆 Duck Tularemia (“Rabbit Fever”): A Vet’s 2025 Guide by Dr Duncan Houston BVSc 🩺

By Dr Duncan Houston BVSc – Tularemia, caused by the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting small mammals but occasionally recorded in ducks. While rare, it's serious—presenting with fever, lethargy, and sometimes sudden death. This 2025 guide explores transmission, signs in ducks, diagnosis, treatment, zoonotic precautions, coop hygiene, and prevention to protect both flock and family. 💚

📘 What Is Tularemia?

F. tularensis is a highly contagious bacterium—a Tier 1 select agent—spread by ticks, biting flies, or ingestion of contaminated water or prey :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.

⚠️ How Ducks May Become Infected

• Through insect vectors such as deer flies, mosquitoes, or ticks that feed on infected wildlife. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
• Drinking or swimming in water contaminated with infected small mammals. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
• Ingestion of infected rodents, birds, or carcass remains. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
• Handling infected animals or carcasses without adequate protection. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

🐤 Signs & Clinical Presentation in Ducks

• Fever, lethargy, appetite loss, and rapid weight loss.
• Swollen lymph nodes or signs of respiratory illness (coughing, difficulty breathing).
• Sudden death can occur without warning.
• Lesions or abscesses occasionally found on the skin. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

🔍 How Tularemia Is Diagnosed

• Blood or tissue culture on cysteine-enriched media.
• PCR assays help detect bacterial DNA. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
• Serologic tests (e.g., microagglutination) indicate exposure. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}
• Post‑mortem findings include enlarged spleen, liver lesions, and lymphadenopathy.

💊 Treatment Protocol in Ducks (2025)

1. Antibiotic Therapy

• Aminoglycosides: streptomycin or gentamicin are most effective. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}
• Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) or doxycycline for mild cases. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}
• Full treatment courses (10–14 days) to prevent relapse. :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}

2. Supportive Care

• Warm, dry housing and high-energy supplemental feeds.
• Fluid therapy if dehydration is present.
• NSAIDs (e.g., meloxicam) to reduce fever and inflammation.
• Individual isolation to prevent spread to other flock members.

🏥 Zoonotic & Poultry Flock Safety

• Humans may develop ulceroglandular, pneumonic, or typhoidal tularemia after contact with infected ducks or fluids. :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}
• Wear gloves, masks, and eye protection when handling sick birds or carcasses.
• Dispose of carcasses via incineration or deep burial.
• Clean and disinfect daytime and nesting areas: quaternary ammonium or bleach solutions should be used. :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}

🛡️ Prevention Strategies

• Vector control: use insect-proof enclosures and insecticide-treated netting.
• Clean water sources regularly and limit wildlife access.
• Quarantine new or returning birds for 2 weeks and test if indicated.
• Avoid scavenging: remove carcasses quickly to prevent exposure.

📊 Quick Reference Table

🔬 2025 Innovations & Tools

• Point‑of‑care PCR kits for rapid field diagnostics.
• Smart coop monitoring for bird activity and fever spikes.
• Insect‑repellent nest coatings safe for ducks and chicks.

📲 Ask A Vet, Woopf & Purrz Support

Ask A Vet offers remote consultations—share images or videos of sick ducks or post-mortem signs for expert triage and antibiotic planning. 📱🦆

Woopf supplies coop insect screens, disinfection kits, hydration supplements, and antibiotic dosing tools.

Purrz carries field PCR test kits, insect-repellent sprays, and smart coop sensor packages to improve early disease detection. 🛍️

📣 Final Thoughts from Dr Duncan Houston BVSc 🩺

Tularemia, while rare in ducks, is a serious zoonotic threat. Early detection, prompt antibiotic therapy, supportive housing, and stringent biosecurity measures can save birds and protect you. In 2025, with advanced diagnostics and expert guidance from Ask A Vet, Woopf, and Purrz, managing tularemia is more informed and effective than ever—because every feathered life matters. 💚🦆

👉 Download the Ask A Vet app today for on-the-spot disease triage, personalized treatment guides, and flock health monitoring—your ducks deserve the best defense. 📱🐾