🔍 What Is Ebstein’s Anomaly?

Ebstein’s anomaly is a congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve leaflets are abnormally displaced down into the right ventricle, creating an “atrialized” portion of the ventricle and often causing regurgitation or stenosis :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.

⚠️ Epidemiology & Risk Factors

• Very rare in cats but documented in domestic breeds and wild felids, such as the Tsushima leopard cat :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.
• No clear breed or sex predilection however genetic factors and concurrent congenital defects (like ASD or cor triatriatum) have been reported :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.

🚩 Clinical Signs

• Murmur audible on auscultation (tricuspid regurgitation/stenosis) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
• Exercise intolerance, rapid breathing, lethargy :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.
• Signs of right-sided heart failure: abdominal fluid, hepatomegaly, cyanosis if shunting occurs :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.
• Arrhythmias—preexcitation syndromes like WPW, atrial fibrillation, or tachycardias :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.

🔬 Diagnosis

1. Physical exam & ECG: Detect murmur, arrhythmias, right atrial enlargement, PR interval shortening :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
2. Chest X‑rays: May show enlarged right atrium/ventricle :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.
3. Echocardiography: Confirms valve displacement and regurgitation; often accompanied by ASD or cor triatriatum :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.
4. Advanced imaging: CT/MRI in complex cases for surgical planning :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.

🛠️ Treatment & Management

1. Medical Management

• Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers to manage right-heart failure and reduce fluid overload :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.
• Antiarrhythmics (e.g., procainamide) for tachyarrhythmias; avoid AV blockers if WPW suspected :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
• Oxygen therapy in episodes of cyanosis or distress.

2. Surgical & Interventional Options

• Surgical repair or tricuspid valve replacement using cardiopulmonary bypass—available but technically challenging :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.
• Device-based closure for associated ASDs using catheter-delivered occluders (e.g., Amplatzer) :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.

🏡 Home & Long-Term Care

• Stress-free indoor lifestyle; avoid strenuous play.
• Medication adherence with reminders using the Ask A Vet app.
• Comfortable bedding from Woopf & Purrz to ease pressure and support.
• Healthy weight maintenance, routine veterinary checks, ECGs, echo every 6–12 months.

📅 Prognosis & Follow‑Up

• Prognosis depends on defect severity and presence of complications (ASD, arrhythmias, CHF).
• Cats with mild defects may live years with medical management and monitoring :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.
• Severe cases or those with cyanotic shunts carry guarded prognosis—early intervention may improve outcomes :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.
• Frequent re-evaluations—echo & ECG every 6–12 months to adjust therapy and monitor progression.

📝 Quick Reference Table