🧠 Head Aneurysms in Bearded Dragons: A Vet’s 2025 Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention | Dr Duncan Houston BVSc

Not all lumps are harmless — especially in bearded dragons. One increasingly recognized cause of head swelling in these reptiles is the development of cephalic aneurysms, a serious and potentially deadly condition. 🦎⚠️

In this 2025 veterinary guide, I’ll walk you through the basics of this mysterious condition — from diagnosis to surgical options and what little we know about preventing it. 🧠🔍

🧬 What Is a Cephalic Aneurysm?

By definition, an aneurysm is a localized ballooning or enlargement of an artery caused by weakening of the vessel wall. In bearded dragons, these aneurysms have been reported primarily in the head, but also in the limbs, hips, and mouth. 🩸🧠

Most notably, the head aneurysms arise from the internal carotid artery — a high-pressure vessel supplying blood to the brain. As the artery wall becomes fibrous and loses elasticity, the pressure builds and the vessel can rupture, leading to sudden death from internal bleeding. 💔

📈 An Emerging Syndrome

Known informally in reptile circles as “aneurysm syndrome,” this condition is still not fully understood. It’s exclusive to bearded dragons in current reports, suggesting a possible genetic component. 👨‍🔬🧬

The frequency of diagnoses has risen in the past decade, with more vets reporting head swellings consistent with aneurysms. 📉

🔍 Recognizing the Signs

The hallmark sign of a cephalic aneurysm is a swelling or bulge on the back or top of the head. It may be:

• 🔵 Soft and compressible
• 🔴 Reddish or bruised in appearance
• 🔍 Often located on one side of the skull

Other locations include the limbs, over the hips, or even inside the mouth. 🦎

🩺 Diagnosis: What Your Vet Will Do

Diagnosis begins with a physical exam and detailed history. Other diagnostic tools include:

• 📸 X-rays or CT scans to assess internal structure
• 🧪 Bloodwork to evaluate organ function
• 🧫 Fine needle aspiration of the swelling (if safe)
• 📡 Ultrasound to visualize blood flow inside the mass

Microscopic evaluation of affected vessels in necropsy cases has revealed stiff, fibrous vessel walls — unable to expand under pressure. 🧬🔬

💉 Treatment: Surgery Is the Only Option

Once a cephalic aneurysm forms, surgical intervention is the only current treatment. Without it, the aneurysm will likely continue to grow and rupture. 💥

Two reported cases post-surgery lived:

• 📆 9 months
• 📆 18 months

Bearded dragons typically live 10–15 years, so this can be a meaningful extension of life. 🩺❤️

⚠️ Why Prompt Surgery Matters

Aneurysms often rupture suddenly — sometimes triggered by minor events like a jump or bump. One case resulted in sudden death following a small fall. 😢

Timely surgical removal can prevent this fatal rupture. However, it’s delicate and requires a skilled exotic vet. 🏥🛠️

🧼 Recovery & Activity Restriction

Before and after surgery, it's essential to:

• 📉 Limit jumping and climbing
• 🛏️ Provide a soft, flat enclosure
• 🌡️ Keep warm and stress-free conditions

Physical trauma increases the risk of rupture. Cage padding, ramps instead of climbs, and no free roaming are key. 🧸

❓ Why Do Aneurysms Form?

We don’t yet know the root cause, but possibilities include:

• 🧬 Genetic weakness in vessel structure
• 📉 Micronutrient deficiency (e.g., calcium, vitamin C?)
• 📛 Environmental stressors

More research is needed. Until then, prevention is limited to awareness, early detection, and reducing trauma. 🧪🔬

🛡️ What You Can Do Right Now

• 👀 Inspect your dragon’s head weekly
• 📸 Photograph any new swelling
• 🧠 Log any behavioral changes (less activity, head rubbing, etc.)
• 📞 Contact your vet at the first sign of a lump

📱 Get Help from Reptile Vets at AskAVet.com

If your bearded dragon develops a suspicious lump, time is of the essence. Use the Ask A Vet app to speak directly with exotic vets, share photos, and get pre-surgical support. 🐾💬

Early action can mean the difference between tragedy and triumph. Stay informed, stay observant, and give your dragon the best shot at a healthy life. 💚🦎