Panniculitis in Cats: A 2025 Veterinary Guide to Causes, Symptoms & Treatment 🐱🩺

By Dr. Duncan Houston, BVSc

Panniculitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the subcutaneous fat layer in cats, leading to the formation of nodules or lumps beneath the skin. This comprehensive 2025 guide delves into the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of panniculitis in felines.

Understanding Panniculitis in Cats 🧬

Panniculitis involves inflammation of the subcutaneous fat tissue, resulting in nodules that may be firm or soft. These nodules can vary in size and may ulcerate, leading to discharge. The condition can be painful and may cause systemic signs if left untreated.

Common Causes

• Trauma: Physical injuries, such as bite wounds or blunt force, can lead to localized panniculitis.
• Infections: Bacterial, fungal, or mycobacterial infections can cause inflammation of the fat tissue.
• Immune-Mediated Diseases: Conditions like lupus panniculitis or erythema nodosum involve the immune system attacking fat tissue.
• Post-Injection Reactions: Inflammation following subcutaneous injections, including vaccines or medications.
• Neoplastic Diseases: Tumors such as mast cell tumors or lymphosarcoma affecting subcutaneous fat.
• Vitamin E Deficiency: Diets low in vitamin E can lead to fat inflammation, known as pansteatitis.

Recognizing the Symptoms 🔍

Symptoms of panniculitis in cats may include:

• Subcutaneous Nodules: Lumps beneath the skin, often on the trunk, that may be firm or soft.
• Ulceration: Nodules may rupture, leading to discharge of oily or bloody fluid.
• Hair Loss: Alopecia over the affected areas.
• Pain or Discomfort: Especially when the nodules are touched.
• Systemic Signs: Fever, lethargy, or loss of appetite in severe cases.

Diagnosis 🩺

Diagnosing panniculitis involves:

• Physical Examination: Assessing the size, location, and characteristics of the nodules.
• Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): Collecting cells from the nodule for cytological analysis.
• Biopsy: Surgical removal of tissue for histopathological examination to confirm diagnosis and rule out neoplasia.
• Laboratory Tests: Blood work to assess systemic involvement and identify underlying causes.
• Imaging: Radiographs or ultrasounds if internal involvement is suspected.

Treatment Options 💊

Treatment strategies depend on the underlying cause:

• Surgical Removal: Excision of solitary nodules can be curative.
• Antibiotics or Antifungals: To treat bacterial or fungal infections.
• Immunosuppressive Therapy: Corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants for immune-mediated panniculitis.
• Vitamin E Supplementation: In cases related to dietary deficiencies.
• Supportive Care: Pain management and wound care for ulcerated nodules.

Prognosis 📈

The prognosis for cats with panniculitis varies:

• Favorable: When the underlying cause is identified and treated effectively.
• Guarded: In cases with systemic involvement or when the underlying cause is not identified.
• Recurring: Some cats may experience recurrence, especially if the underlying cause persists.

Preventive Measures 🛡️

Preventing panniculitis involves:

• Proper Nutrition: Ensuring a balanced diet with adequate vitamin E levels.
• Safe Injection Practices: Using proper techniques and rotating injection sites.
• Prompt Treatment of Infections: Addressing skin infections or wounds promptly to prevent progression.
• Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Early detection and management of underlying conditions.

When to Consult a Veterinarian 👩‍⚕️

Seek veterinary attention if your cat exhibits:

• New or growing lumps under the skin
• Ulcerated or draining nodules
• Signs of pain or discomfort
• Systemic symptoms like fever or lethargy

Conclusion 📝

Panniculitis in cats is a multifactorial condition that requires a thorough diagnostic approach to identify the underlying cause. Early detection and appropriate treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome. For personalized advice and support, consider reaching out to veterinary professionals through platforms like Ask A Vet. Their expertise can guide you through diagnosis, treatment options, and ongoing care tailored to your cat's specific needs.

Stay proactive in your cat's health to ensure a happy and healthy life together. 🐾