🦠 Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHDV2): Vet Protection & Prevention Guide 2025 🐇

By Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) is a highly contagious and deadly viral illness affecting both domestic and wild rabbits. While it poses no threat to humans or other pets, it is a serious concern in rabbit populations. In this updated 2025 veterinary guide, we’ll break down everything you need to know—from recognizing symptoms to understanding prevention and vaccine updates. 🐇🚨

📌 What Is Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD)?

RHD is caused by a calicivirus and typically leads to sudden death in rabbits. The virus has several forms, the most dangerous of which is RHDV2, a newer strain first identified in Europe in 2010. This strain is now the dominant one in the U.S. and around the world. 😢

🧬 Key Facts:

• 🦠 RHDV2 is highly contagious with mortality rates from 5% to 70%
• 📍 It attacks the liver, heart, and lungs—causing internal and external bleeding
• 🕒 Infected rabbits can die within 36 hours of symptom onset

This virus is so severe and fast-acting that sometimes the only sign of infection is sudden death. 🩸

🧪 Transmission & Contamination Risks

Rabbits can contract RHDV2 through direct contact with infected rabbits, contaminated materials, or even biting insects. It is alarmingly resilient and can survive in the environment for months. 😱

📦 Contamination Sources Include:

• 🛏️ Bedding, food, or water bowls
• 🚗 Vehicles or shoes that carried infected material
• 🪰 Biting insects like flies and mosquitoes
• 🦴 Deceased or asymptomatic carriers

Just a few viral particles can cause infection, so strict biosecurity is essential. 🧼🧤

📋 Clinical Signs of RHDV2

The disease presents in several forms—some with symptoms, others asymptomatic until sudden death. Be alert for these signs:

⚠️ Acute or Peracute Forms:

• 🌡️ Fever
• 🐰 Lethargy and depression
• 👃 Frothy, bloody nasal discharge
• 🐾 Paddling, tremors, seizures
• 🩸 Bleeding from nose or urinary openings

🔍 Other Signs:

• 🫁 Difficulty breathing
• 🧠 Incoordination and nervousness
• 📉 Sudden anorexia or collapse

In mild or “subacute” cases, death may occur up to 2 weeks after infection. In asymptomatic rabbits (especially kits under 8 weeks), the virus may still be spread. 😨

🧬 Subtypes of RHD

• Peracute: Sudden death, often with blood at mouth or nose
• Acute: Respiratory distress, neurological signs, rapid deterioration
• Subacute/Chronic: Gradual symptoms, potentially recoverable
• Asymptomatic: Particularly in young rabbits—may still spread virus

🔬 Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made through RT-PCR testing or other antigen detection methods. Contact your vet immediately if you suspect RHDV2. This is a reportable disease in the U.S., and must be reported to state and federal authorities. 🧑‍⚕️📞

💊 Treatment Options

Unfortunately, there is no specific cure for RHD. Treatment is limited to:

• 💧 IV fluids to prevent dehydration
• 💊 Medications to manage seizures, pain, or heart rate
• 🛏️ Oxygen support for respiratory symptoms

Prognosis is poor in symptomatic rabbits, which is why prevention is so important. 🛡️

🛡️ Prevention & Biosecurity Tips for 2025

✅ Do:

• 🧴 Disinfect equipment with 10% sodium hydroxide or 1–2% formalin
• 🧼 Regularly sanitize feeders, waterers, and toys
• 🔒 Isolate new or sick rabbits for at least 30 days
• 🧤 Use gloves when handling rabbits, especially outdoors
• 🚫 Avoid contact with wild rabbits or unverified rescues

❌ Don’t:

• 🚗 Share equipment or vehicles with other rabbit owners
• 🧺 House rabbits in outdoor pens exposed to wildlife
• 🌿 Use contaminated hay, bedding, or feed from unknown sources

💉 Vaccine News for RHDV2

There is currently a USDA emergency-use approved vaccine for RHDV2, produced by Medgene Labs. Talk to your vet about availability and vaccine protocols in your area. 🧪

The vaccine does not prevent infection entirely but greatly reduces the severity and spread of disease. 🩺

📈 Areas of Concern

RHDV2 was first found in domestic rabbits in the U.S. but has since spread to wild rabbits in states such as:

• 🌵 Arizona
• 🌞 New Mexico
• 🌾 Texas

Surveillance and rapid reporting are critical to contain outbreaks. 🧠

📲 When to Contact a Vet

If you notice any sudden changes in behavior, breathing, appetite, or see blood at the nose or mouth—seek veterinary care immediately. Isolate the rabbit and avoid contact with others. 🛑🐰

Need expert guidance?

Reach out to Dr Duncan Houston at AskAVet.com or download the Ask A Vet app for rapid support. 🧑‍⚕️📱

🐇 Stay Informed. Stay Safe.

RHDV2 is a deadly and fast-spreading disease, but with awareness, vaccines, and strong biosecurity practices, we can protect our rabbit companions. Let’s work together to make 2025 a safe year for rabbits everywhere. 💚