📚 What Are Renal & Urinary Stones?

Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and urolithiasis (bladder/ureter/urethra stones) occur when calcium salts crystallize and form hard deposits within the urinary tract. In rabbits, these are often composed of calcium carbonate, due to unique calcium metabolism:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.

Rabbits absorb nearly all dietary calcium, and excess is excreted via the urine—if hydration or diet isn't balanced, sludge and stones can form in the bladder, ureters, or kidneys:contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.

⚠️ Why Stones Matter

• Can cause urinary blockage, infection, pain, and kidney damage.
• Nephroliths compromise renal function; ureteral stones often cause blockage and hydronephrosis:contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
• Bladder stones or sludge irritate the bladder lining and can lead to infection or hematuria:contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.

👀 Signs & Symptoms

• Often silent until moderate-severe: lethargy, poor appetite, weight loss.
• Pollakiuria, stranguria, anuria, hematuria, urine scald, and sandy urine:contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.
• Straining in males, sometimes urgent vocalization with urethral stones:contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.
• Renal stones may present as chronic kidney disease, elevated BUN/creatinine, dehydration:contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.

🔍 Diagnostic Approach

• History & physical exam: check hydration, body condition, palpate bladder.
• Bloodwork: assess renal function—BUN, creatinine, electrolytes:contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
• Urinalysis & culture: identify crystals, infection or inflammation:contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.
• Abdominal radiographs: detect radiopaque bladder or kidney stones—often calcium-based:contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.
• Ultrasound: visualize kidney stones, hydronephrosis, bladder content:contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.

💉 Treatment Options

A. Medical Management (Sludge/Small Stones)

• Encourage hydration—add water/heavy greens to diet and use subQ fluids:contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.
• Manual bladder expression or catheter flushing under sedation:contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
• Treat any UTI with culture-based antibiotics:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.
• Adjust diet—switch from alfalfa/low-fiber pellets to high-fiber hay, limit high-calcium veggies:contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.
• Manage pain under veterinary guidance for comfort:contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.

B. Surgical Intervention

• Bladder stones: cystotomy (bladder surgery) for removal—safe in experienced hands:contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.
• Nephroliths: minimally invasive endoscopic nephrolithotomy or nephrotomy for unilateral stones:contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.
• Ureteral stones: options include ureteronephrectomy (kidney removal) or minimally invasive removal:contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.
• Post-surgical care: fluids, pain control, antibiotics, follow-up imaging:contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.

🏠 Home & Recovery Care

• Provide plenty of water, hydrating foods, and subQ fluids at home.
• Teach owners bladder expression techniques if needed.
• Monitor appetite, droppings, urination, and weight.
• Offer easy-access litter boxes to reduce strain.
• Maintain nutritious hay-based diet; avoid high-calcium foods.
• Schedule follow-up exams and imaging every 3–6 months:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.

📊 Prognosis & Outcomes

• Bladder sludge/small stones have good prognosis if treated early.
• Post-surgery outcomes are generally favorable, though renal stones carry guarded prognosis—affected kidney function matters:contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.
• Stones can recur—long-term monitoring and dietary management are essential:contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.

🛡️ Prevention Strategies

• High-fiber hay-based diet, limited pellets, controlled calcium-rich greens:contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.
• Ensure good hydration—encourage drinking and use subQ fluids if needed.
• Keep rabbits active to reduce urine stagnation:contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.
• Regular vet wellness exams with urine/bloodwork, imaging as needed.

🧠 Vet Tips for 2025

• Use both radiographs and ultrasound for full evaluation.
• Consider referral for minimally invasive kidney stone removal.
• Coach owners on hydration, bladder management, and dietary change.
• Recommend routine recheck with imaging every few months for stone recurrence.
• Document baseline kidney function for early detection of compromise.

🔚 Final Takeaway

Nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis in rabbits pose serious threats, but with early detection—via imaging and lab tools—combined with targeted medical or surgical treatment, and dedicated home care, many rabbits can recover and live comfortably. In 2025, advanced minimally invasive surgeries and proactive hydration and diet strategies are making long-term wellness achievable for these patients. 🐇❤️

🌟 Partner Services

• Ask A Vet: 24/7 expert guidance on diagnostics, bladder management, fluid therapy, and imaging interpretation.
• Woopf: Home hydration kits, bladder management tools, soft-litter boxes, and pain & fluid administration supplies.
• Purrz: Renal support food packs, electrolyte blends, bladder monitoring charts, and supportive supplements.