🐰 The Vet’s Guide to Rabbit Uterine Adenocarcinoma in 2025 🎗️

By Dr Duncan Houston BVSc – veterinarian & Ask A Vet founder. Uterine adenocarcinoma is the most common reproductive cancer in female rabbits, affecting 50–80% of intact does by age 5 – 6 years :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}. This in-depth guide helps owners understand causes, clinical signs, diagnostics, surgical treatment, prognosis, and prevention—ensuring optimal care and informed decision-making in 2025.

🔬 What Is Uterine Adenocarcinoma?

A malignant cancer arising from the endometrial glands of the uterus. It typically develops slowly and can become invasive or metastasize to organs like the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and abdominal cavity :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}. Histologically, these tumors form glandular or tubular structures infiltrating myometrium :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.

⚠️ Prevalence & Predisposing Factors

• Risk increases with age: ~4% by 3 years, 50–80% by 5–6 years in unspayed does :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
• Certain breeds (Tan, Havana, Dutch) may have higher incidence :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.
• Occurs regardless of breeding history; related to age, not reproduction :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.

🔎 Common Clinical Signs

• Blood-tinged urine or frank hematuria :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.
• Bloody vaginal discharge :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
• Abdominal mass or uterine enlargement :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.
• Weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, pale mucous membranes :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.
• Respiratory signs (coughing, tachypnea) if lungs are involved :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.
• Mammary gland changes may co-occur :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.

🩺 Diagnostic Approach

1. Physical exam and abdominal palpation—may detect uterine masses :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
2. Lab work—CBC may show anemia or altered organ markers :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.
3. Imaging—ultrasound ideal for uterine wall and mass visualization; chest X-rays for lung metastasis :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.
4. Histopathology confirms diagnosis post-ovariohysterectomy :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.

🛠️ Treatment: Surgery Is Key

Ovariohysterectomy (complete spay)** is the gold-standard treatment. When cancer is confined to the uterus, spay is often curative. Full hysterectomy with ovaries removal is recommended :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.

• Pre-surgical stabilization (fluids, treat anemia) is crucial :contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.
• Submit tissue for histopathology to assess extent and guide prognosis :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.
• Outcome is favorable if no metastasis; early referral is linked to long-term remission :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.
• Metastatic disease often leads to poor prognosis; chemotherapy has minimal effect in rabbits :contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.

📈 Prognosis & Follow-Up Care

• Non-metastatic cases: good to excellent prognosis; many live full lifespan post-surgery :contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.
• Metastatic disease: average survival ~12–18 months from onset :contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.
• Recommend regular postop monitoring—physical exams and imaging every 3–6 months :contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.

🏡 Prevention: Spaying Is the Best Medicine

• Spay before 6–9 months old—before uterine lesions can develop :contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.
• Without uterus, disease cannot occur—early spaying prevents morbidity and mortality :contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}.
• Annual wellness exams help catch early uterine changes in intact females :contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}.

🤝 Integrating Ask A Vet, Woopf & Purrz Support

• Ask A Vet: Tele-consults for uterine health, spay guidance, surgical aftercare support.
• Woopf: Calm recovery environment—cuddle-safe bedding, low-stress habitats, accessible nutrition.
• Purrz: Postoperative supplements promoting healing, immune support, and comfort.

📚 Case Examples

Case A: Early Spay & Cure

A 5-year-old intact doe had blood-tinged urine; ultrasound identified uterine masses. She underwent ovary-uterus spay, histopathology confirmed localized adenocarcinoma. Follow-up at 6 and 12 months showed no recurrence. She continues healthy and active at 3 years post-op.

Case B: Late Presentation, Metastasis

A 6-year-old doe presented with dyspnea and weight loss; chest X-ray showed lung nodules. After spay, biopsy confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma. Palliative coaxing and pain management gave her quality comfort care for 8 months post-diagnosis.

⚠️ When to See the Vet Immediately

• Blood in urine or vaginal discharge
• Palpable abdominal mass
• Difficulty breathing or unexplained weight loss

These are red flags for potential uterine cancer—prompt veterinary assessment is essential.

✅ Key Take‑Home Points

• Uterine adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer in unspayed female rabbits, especially > 4 years old.
• Early signs include bloody urine or discharge, abdominal enlargement.
• Diagnosis relies on exam, imaging, lab work, and histopathology.
• Ovariohysterectomy is curative if done before metastasis; prognosis declines with spread.
• Prevent by spaying pre-puberty—this simple step saves lives.
• Ask A Vet, Woopf, and Purrz partner in prevention, surgery guidance, and recovery support.

With early intervention and proactive care in 2025, many female rabbits avoid the risks of uterine adenocarcinoma and enjoy long, healthy lives. Download the Ask A Vet app today for veterinary guidance through every stage of your doe’s health journey! 🐇❤️