Vet Approved Guide: Adrenal Gland Tumors in Dogs – Signs, Diagnosis & 2025 Treatment Strategies 🐶🐾

By Dr. Duncan Houston BVSc

Adrenal gland tumors are rare but impactful in dogs—larger than 10 years, a small percentage develop growths in this essential organ. These tumors may be benign or malignant and can alter hormone production drastically. Understanding the types, symptoms, and treatments ensures optimal care. 🛡️

🔍 Types of Adrenal Gland Tumors

Adenomas: Benign; may be non-functional or secrete cortisol/aldosterone—leading to Cushing's or hyperaldosteronism.
Carcinomas: Malignant; up to 50% metastasize to the liver or lungs.
Pheochromocytomas: Medullary tumors that release adrenaline/noradrenaline, causing hypertension and heart issues.
Paragangliomas: Neuroendocrine tumors secreting similar catecholamines.

📋 Clinical Signs to Watch

Signs vary depending on hormone production:

Excess cortisol (Cushing’s): increased thirst, urination, appetite, pot-belly, weight gain, thin skin.
Elevated aldosterone: lethargy, muscle weakness, low potassium, high blood pressure.
Excess catecholamines: arrhythmias, fainting, high blood pressure, panting, sudden appetite loss or weight drop.

🩺 Diagnosis Process

Imaging: Ultrasound or CT to detect masses >2 cm, assess size, shape, invasion.
FNA: Safe guided needle biopsy helps differentiate cortical vs medullary origin.
Hormone tests: Screening for cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamines assesses tumor function.
Metastasis check: Imaging the liver, lungs, and major vessels to find spread.

🛠️ Treatment Options

Surgical Removal (Adrenalectomy)

The best option for tumors with no invasion; success depends on size, location, and metastasis. Techniques include open or laparoscopic surgery.

Medical Management

Trilostane (Vetoryl®): Controlled cortisol-secreting tumors and sometimes shrinks carcinomas.
Mitotane (Lysodren): Adrenocorticolytics are used pre-op or for palliative care, and they require tight monitoring.

Supportive Care

Manage electrolytes if aldosterone is excessive.
Control blood pressure and treat heart issues.
Use antiarrhythmics when needed.
Follow-up imaging to monitor residual disease.

📈 Prognosis & Long-Term Outlook

Surgically removed benign or minimally invasive tumors yield the best outcomes.
Unoperated or metastatic carcinomas have a median survival of ~50 days.
Medical therapy can provide months to years of quality life, with trilostane showing promise.
Pheochromocytomas require careful BP and arrhythmia control—surgery recommended when feasible.

🚨 When to See Your Vet Immediately

Sudden collapse, fainting, or seizures
Lab findings: high cortisol, low potassium, hypertension
New abdominal mass detected during exam

📱 Vet-Approved Tools to Support Your Pup

Ask A Vet: Immediate guidance on diagnostics, surgery referrals, and monitoring. 🩺

🎯 Final Thoughts

Though rare, adrenal gland tumors can lead to serious health issues, but are treatable, often successfully, when detected early. With appropriate diagnosis, tailored surgery or medical therapy, and diligent follow-up, many dogs can regain comfort and a quality of life. 🐾

For personalized advice and peace of mind, download the Ask A Vet app today. 📲🐶