Vet Guide 2025: African Sideneck Turtle Care & Health by Dr Duncan Houston 🩺🐢

Hello! I’m Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc and founder of Ask A Vet. This 2025 guide offers a **comprehensive overview** on the African sideneck turtle (Pelusios castaneus/subrufa): its natural history, optimal care, common health issues, husbandry, handling safety, and conservation context. Let’s dive in! 🌿

1. Species Overview & Natural History

The African sideneck, also known as helmeted or West African mud turtle, is a **semi-aquatic side-necked turtle**, unable to retract its head directly into its shell—they tuck it sideways under the carapace edge :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}. Adults reach 7–12 inches, with females slightly larger :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}, and can live up to 50 years in captivity :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.

• Distribution: Widespread across sub-Saharan Africa; found in rivers, marshes, ponds :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
• Appearance: Dark/brown carapace, gray-black plastron with yellow patch, olive head with chin barbels and smiling expression :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.
• Behavior: Diurnal, curious, can be social but better housed singly unless in large ponds :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.

2. Enclosure & Habitat Setup

2.1 Tank Size & Layout

Adults need at least a 75–110 gal setup. Water should be no deeper than 1.5× shell length (e.g., 9″ for a 6″ turtle) :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.

• Provide ample swimming space and a **dry basking platform** for shell and body drying :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
• Outdoor pond housing is ideal in warm climates; walls buried ≥6–8″ to prevent escape :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.

2.2 Temperature, Lighting & Humidity

Maintain a basking area of **95–100 °F**, ambient air at **80–85 °F**, and water **70–85 °F** (80–85 °F for hatchlings) :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.

• Use heat lamps (e.g., halogen) and monitor with a temperature gun or probe :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.
• Provide 12 hr/day **UVB lighting** (e.g., Zoo Med ReptiSun T5 HO 5.0 or Arcadia 6%) :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.
• UVB bulbs should be replaced annually for effective calcium metabolism and bone health :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.

3. Water Quality & Filtration

Clean water is vital. Use a strong canister filter rated for 2–3× tank volume :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.

• Perform **30% water changes weekly** to control toxins :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.
• Dechlorinate tap water by letting it sit 24 hrs or using a chemical conditioner :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.
• Maintain water pH around 6.5–7.5 :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.

4. Diet & Nutrition

African sidenecks are **omnivores**, balanced diet is essential :contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.

4.1 Juveniles (≤1 yr)

• Approx. 50% protein (worms, crustaceans, small fish), 50% vegetables (collards, dandelion, endive).
• Daily feeding, pellets every other day from reputable brands :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.

4.2 Adults (>1 yr)

• 25% protein, 75% vegetables; protein 1–2×/week, veggies daily, pellets 2–3×/week :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.
• Use calcium-rich foods and supplements (e.g., cuttlebone, Rep-Cal D3) :contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.

Avoid feeding meats like chicken/beef; overfeeding causes obesity :contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}. Offer variety: worms, snails, shrimp, leafy greens, aquatic plants, high-quality pellets :contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.

5. Health, Monitoring & Veterinary Care

• Watch for parasitic and respiratory issues—get fecal exams and check mucus or wheezing :contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.
• Ensure proper shell health—rot from dirty water or trauma must be treated promptly :contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.
• Monitor shedding; debris or skin issues may signal stress or disease :contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}.
• Supplement with vitamin A/D3 to prevent deficiencies :contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}.

Schedule annual reptile vet checkups, contact vet immediately for illness or injury signs.

6. Temperament & Handling

African sidenecks are curious and can learn to hand-feed :contentReference[oaicite:30]{index=30}. However:

• They are **shy and may bite** if stressed—limit handling :contentReference[oaicite:31]{index=31}.
• Always wash hands afterward—salmonella risk :contentReference[oaicite:32]{index=32}.

7. Social Housing & Tank Mates

Generally solitary—only introduce tank mates in spacious setups and observe interactions :contentReference[oaicite:33]{index=33}.

• Can share large ponds with larger fish (mollies, guppies) – avoid small fish :contentReference[oaicite:34]{index=34}.
• Unsuitable with mammals or aggressive species.

8. Conservation & Responsible Ownership

• Not currently threatened, but wild capture and habitat loss pose risks :contentReference[oaicite:35]{index=35}.
• Support captive-bred turtles from reputable sources, avoid wild-collected specimens :contentReference[oaicite:36]{index=36}.
• Educate others—these turtles require commitment and long-term care.

9. Ask A Vet Support

Need tailored advice? Use the Ask A Vet app to connect live with reptile-experienced vets. We offer help with setups, diet, health issues, and emergencies. Visit AskAVet.com 🐢📱

10. Summary & Final Thoughts

The African sideneck turtle is a fascinating, long-lived pet for those ready to meet their moderate care needs. From proper habitat and nutrition to health monitoring and handling safety, a well-informed owner ensures a thriving turtle.

For continuous support, download the Ask A Vet app today. Together, let’s deliver exceptional reptile care and enrich our bond with these remarkable creatures. 🩺🐢

— Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc