Vet Guide 2025: Reptile-to-Human Zoonoses 🦎🐢🐍 by Dr Duncan Houston 🩺

Hello! I’m Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc and founder of Ask A Vet. Reptiles are rewarding companions—but they can carry germs and parasites transmissible to humans. Understanding these illnesses, how to prevent them, and when to seek veterinary or medical help is vital to keep your family safe and your pet healthy. Let’s explore the key zoonotic threats in 2025 and best practices to minimize risks. 🌿

1. Salmonella — The Most Common Threat

All reptiles—snakes, lizards, turtles—can carry Salmonella in their gut and shed it through feces and skin contact. Humans may get infected by handling animals or contaminated habitats, causing diarrhea, fever, cramps, or even sepsis :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.

Infants, elderly people, and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.

Prevention

• Thorough handwashing after handling reptiles, their tubs, or enclosure items :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
• Never let reptiles roam in kitchens or areas where food is prepared.
• Disinfect tanks and tools while wearing gloves.
• Be cautious with young children and high-risk family members around reptiles :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.

2. Other Bacterial Agents: Campylobacter, E. coli, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium

Reptiles can also carry bacteria such as Campylobacter, E. coli, Aeromonas (causing skin and wound infections), and Mycobacterium :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.

These can spread via contaminated water, substrate, or tank cleaning tools.

3. Zoonotic Parasites: Pentastomes, Cryptosporidium

Reptiles may host parasitic organisms like pentastomes (affecting the respiratory system) and Cryptosporidium :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.

While many remain reptile-specific, some parasitic infections can accidentally transmit to humans, highlighting the need to maintain clean environments and seek vet diagnosis if your reptile is unwell.

4. Emerging and Rare Infections

Though rarer, diseases like leptospirosis or scabies (Sarcoptes) may occur in reptiles or amphibians :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.

5. Who Is Most Vulnerable?

• Young children (especially volunteers handling small reptiles) :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}
• Pregnant people — avoid high-risk pets like turtles for Salmonella prevention :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}
• Immunocompromised & elderly — take extra hygiene precautions

6. Signs of Illness in Humans

Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, vomiting, skin lesions, or wound infection. Seek medical care—especially for at-risk groups—if any signs appear after reptile contact.

7. Best Hygiene & Care Practices

• Handwashing after every interaction or cleaning session.
• Wear gloves for tank maintenance and wash tools thoroughly.
• Disinfect habitats with reptile-safe cleaners regularly.
• Prevent cross-contamination—keep reptiles off kitchen counters.
• Supervise children’s interactions closely.

8. Veterinary & Medical Response

If your reptile shows signs of illness (lethargy, diarrhea, respiratory issues), consult a reptile-savvy vet promptly. If a human household member exhibits symptoms after reptile exposure, inform their doctor about the contact to aid diagnosis and treatment.

9. Ask A Vet Support

Worried about zoonotic risks or need help setting up safe interaction routines? Use the Ask A Vet app to consult reptile vets for personalized advice—share enclosure photos, hygiene routines, and health logs anytime at AskAVet.com 📱

10. Final Thoughts

In 2025, reptile keeping is both joyful and safe when done responsibly. With key awareness of zoonotic diseases like Salmonella—and maintaining strict hygiene, regular vet checks, and informed precautions—you can protect yourself and your loved ones while enjoying these amazing pets. 🩺🌿

— Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc