🧬 Vet Insights on Prostate Cancer in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Palliative Options in 2025 🐶

By Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc

Prostate cancer is a rare but serious condition in male dogs, often presenting late and with few curative options. While research continues to explore causes and treatments, early detection and supportive care remain the cornerstone of veterinary management. In this 2025 veterinary guide, we’ll explore the prostate’s role, types of cancer, diagnostic methods, and what you can do to help your dog stay comfortable and well-supported. 🩺🐾

Understanding the Canine Prostate Gland 🧪

The prostate is a small but critical gland located near the bladder in male dogs. It produces seminal fluid that helps sperm survive during reproduction. Because of its location around the urethra (the tube that expels urine), any swelling or disease of the prostate can affect a dog’s ability to urinate or defecate comfortably. 🧬

Types of Prostate Cancer in Dogs 🧫

Prostate cancer in dogs is rare, affecting just 0.3–0.6% of the population. However, when it does occur, it tends to be aggressive and fast-growing. Here are the main types:

1. Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

• ⚠️ Most common form of primary prostate cancer
• 🧬 Highly metastatic and locally invasive

2. Transitional Cell Carcinoma

• 📍 Usually originates in the bladder but can involve the prostate
• ⚖️ Shares some clinical features with prostatic adenocarcinoma

3. Other Rare Types

• 🩸 Lymphoma – a systemic immune-related cancer
• 🧱 Leiomyoma – a rare benign tumor

What Causes Prostate Cancer in Dogs? 🧩

The exact cause of prostate cancer remains unknown. However, research suggests a potential link between neutering and cancer risk:

• 🧑‍⚕️ Neutered dogs may have a slightly higher incidence
• 🕵️ Longer lifespans and more vet visits may increase detection rates
• 📢 Both neutered and intact dogs can develop prostate cancer

In summary, while neutering might show some correlation, it does not necessarily mean it causes cancer. Further studies are needed. 🔬

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer in Dogs 🔍

Signs of prostate cancer can vary and often resemble common urinary or GI issues. Key symptoms include:

• 🚽 Frequent urination or straining to urinate
• 🩸 Blood in the urine or dripping from the penis
• 💩 Difficulty defecating or prolonged squatting
• ⚖️ Weight loss or reduced appetite
• 🏃 Trouble walking or reluctance to move
• 😴 Increased lethargy or laying around

In early stages, symptoms may be subtle or absent. Regular checkups help catch these issues before they progress. 🐾

How Prostate Cancer Is Diagnosed 🩺

Veterinary Exam

Your veterinarian will begin with a thorough physical examination, including:

• 🖐️ Palpation of the abdomen and lymph nodes
• ✋ Rectal exam to assess prostate size and texture

Imaging

• 🩻 X-rays: Assess prostate size and check for spread to bones or lungs
• 🔍 Ultrasound: Provides detailed view of prostate structure and surrounding tissues

Lab Tests

• 🧪 Bloodwork to assess liver, kidney, and systemic health
• 🩸 Urinalysis to detect infection or blood in urine

Biopsy

• 🧫 Tissue sampling confirms diagnosis and cancer type
• 🧠 Conducted under anesthesia with ultrasound guidance

Only a biopsy can confirm cancer. Not all enlarged prostates are cancerous—some may be due to benign enlargement or infection. ❗

Can Prostate Cancer Be Treated? 💉

Unfortunately, prostate cancer in dogs is difficult to treat. By the time it's diagnosed, it’s often too advanced for surgical intervention. Here’s a breakdown of current treatment options:

1. Surgery

• 🛠️ Rarely performed due to tumor spread and risk of complications
• ⚠️ Side effects may include incontinence or urethral narrowing

2. Radiation Therapy

• 📡 Not widely used due to collateral tissue damage
• 🧪 Potential option in specialized settings for localized cases

3. Chemotherapy

• 💊 Limited success in extending lifespan
• 🧬 Still under evaluation for most prostatic tumors

4. Palliative & Supportive Care

• 💊 NSAIDs: Reduce pain and may slow tumor growth
• 💉 Antibiotics: Used if secondary infections occur
• 🔄 Urinary procedures: Surgery to bypass or widen the urethra if blocked

Most dogs benefit from a focus on comfort and quality of life. Work with your veterinarian to create a supportive care plan. 🛏️

Quality of Life & Monitoring 🧭

It's important to balance treatment with the dog’s daily happiness and functionality. Key aspects to monitor include:

• 🍗 Appetite and weight stability
• 🚶 Mobility and ability to urinate/defecate
• 😴 Sleep, energy, and mood
• 📆 Regular vet checkups and bloodwork

If your dog is no longer enjoying life or is in constant discomfort, discuss hospice care or humane end-of-life options with your vet. ❤️

Prevention & Early Detection 🔬

While prostate cancer isn’t preventable, early detection can improve care outcomes. Here’s how to be proactive:

• 🩺 Annual wellness exams
• 🧪 Blood and urine screening for older dogs (7+ years)
• 📞 Call your vet promptly if symptoms arise

Final Thoughts from Dr Duncan Houston 👨‍⚕️

Prostate cancer in dogs is rare but serious. While treatment options remain limited, palliative care and early intervention can extend comfort and dignity. Whether your dog is showing mild symptoms or dealing with a confirmed diagnosis, your vet is your best ally in planning next steps. 🐕💙

Need expert help? Visit Ask A Vet or download the Ask A Vet app for trusted support and personalized guidance. 📱🐾