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💧 Vet’s 2025 Guide to Hypersalivation (Drooling) in Horses
By Dr Duncan Houston BVSc
1. What Is Hypersalivation?
Hypersalivation—or ptyalism—in horses develops when saliva production overwhelms swallowing. Normally, horses produce 20–40 L of saliva daily while chewing, rich in electrolytes and proteins like latherin that aid digestion and thermoregulation :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.
However, if too much saliva is produced or swallowing is impaired, drooling becomes excessive—a medical warning sign that requires prompt attention :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.
2. Recognizing the Key Signs
- Visible drool running from the mouth; wet lower jaw and chest
- Pools of saliva on the ground
- Reluctance to eat or drink, repeated swallowing, coughing or gagging
- Facial swelling or drooping, difficulty chewing, head tilting
3. Common Causes of Drooling
Many conditions can cause hypersalivation:
3.1 Infectious & Neurological
- Slaframine (slobbers): Toxin from clover fungus causing excessive drooling, diarrhea, urination; resolves in 24–48 h when forage is removed :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
- Rabies / Viral: Rare, but drooling with ataxia, paralysis is a rabies red flag :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
- Vesicular stomatitis: Reportable viral disease causing painful blisters and drooling; spreads via flies :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.
- Strangles: Swollen throat lymph nodes in Streptococcus equi infection interfere with swallowing :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.
3.2 Toxic & Plant Irritants
- Pesticide, paint, or chemical ingestion may trigger drooling :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.
- Chewing irritant plants like buttercups, foxtails, or black walnut leaves causes oral irritation :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
3.3 Oral / Dental Disease
- Sharp teeth, abscesses, foreign bodies like sticks or wire cause pain and drooling :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.
- Salivary gland obstructions or cysts (sialoceles) or stones can impede normal flow :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.
3.4 Obstructions & Trauma
- Choke: Esophageal obstruction leads to drooling, coughing, distress :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.
- Facial trauma: Halter injury or skull fractures can damage nerves, causing unilateral drooling :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.
4. Diagnostic Approach
Your veterinarian will take a comprehensive approach:
- History & exam: Are there new feeds, recent dental work, or signs of infection?
- Oral exam: Dental probing, palpation, inspection for ulcers or foreign bodies. Nasogastric tube may be passed to detect choke :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
- Endoscopy: Examines guttural pouches, pharynx, esophagus for lesions or swelling.
- Bloodwork/serology: Identify infection (e.g., Strangles) or toxins.
- Imaging: X-ray skull or endoscopy for ulcers or necrosis.
5. Treatment Strategies
Treatment should target the underlying condition:
5.1 Remove Toxins or Irritants
- Switch feed, remove toxic plants or contaminated materials; slaframine cases typically resolve within 1–2 days.
5.2 Dental & Oral Care
- Float teeth, extract fractured teeth, remove foreign bodies, and manage salivary gland issues.
5.3 Treat Obstructions & Infections
- Relieve choke under vet care; antibiotics/NSAIDs may be needed.
- Strangles requires isolation and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Rabies or vesicular stomatitis require biosecurity and symptomatic veterinary care.
5.4 Supportive Measures
- Keep the mouth clean with chlorhexidine rinses; avoid using a bit.
- Ensure soft feeds and water intake; may supplement electrolytes if drooling loses fluids.
- Analgesia with NSAIDs reduces pain and swelling.
5.5 Manage Trauma & Neurological Cases
- Bandage wounds, protect damaged nerves, and manage head injuries with rest and veterinary monitoring.
6. Recovery & Prognosis
Once treated, most drooling cases resolve fully within one to two weeks, with slaframine usually self-limiting :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.
Prevent oral trauma by avoiding hard objects, ensuring halters fit properly, and scheduling regular dental checks at least annually.
7. Prevention & Owner Tips
- Maintain routine dental exams & floating.
- Keep feed and environment free of toxic plants/materials.
- Ensure bites and tack fit well and are comfortable.
- Stay current on vaccinations and biosecurity protocols.
- Monitor dental issues, muffled chewing, or changes in behavior.
8. Ask A Vet Support 🩺
At Ask A Vet, we partner with you to:
- Evaluate photos or videos of drooling and mouth posture
- Guide you through dental and feed investigations
- Help plan diagnostics—endoscopy, bloodwork, imaging
- Support choke management and recovery protocols
- Offer follow-up monitoring and fluid-loss prevention strategies
Download the Ask A Vet app today for expert guidance when drooling signals a problem! ❤️
9. Quick-Reference Table
| Underlying Cause | Key Treatment |
|---|---|
| Slobbers (slaframine) | Remove forage, supportive care, resolves 24–48 h |
| Dental/foreign body | Float teeth, remove object, clean mouth |
| Choke | Relief tube, NSAIDs, supportive hydration |
| Infection (rabies, strangles, vesicular) | Isolation, diagnostics, specific therapy |
| Trauma/nerve injury | Protect wounds, analgesia, rest |
10. FAQs
❓ Is drooling always an emergency?
No—but persistent, profuse drooling or signs of distress require vet evaluation within 24 h.
❓ Can bit discomfort cause drooling?
Yes—misfit bits can stimulate salivation; check and adjust fit or remove the bit.
❓ When should I worry about choke?
If drooling is accompanied by coughing, neck stretching, or inability to swallow, call your vet immediately.
11. Final Thoughts
Excessive drooling in horses—though sometimes benign—often signals underlying disease that demands attention. Through early detection, careful diagnostics, supportive care, and expert follow-up, most horses make a full recovery. For tailored advice—from dental checks to choke management—trust Ask A Vet’s telehealth expertise. Download the app now and keep your horse safe & comfortable in 2025 and beyond. ❤️
