A Vet’s Guide to Leukemia in Dogs 2025 🩺🐶
In this article
A Vet’s Guide to Leukemia in Dogs 2025 🩺🐶
By Dr. Duncan Houston BVSc
Hello, I’m Dr Duncan Houston BVSc, veterinarian and founder of Ask A Vet. Canine leukemia—a cancer of the blood and bone marrow—can be daunting. This comprehensive, vet‑approved guide explores the two major forms (acute and chronic), outlines key signs, explains how diagnosis is made, discusses treatment and supportive care, and highlights quality‑of‑life tools like Ask A Vet telehealth.
1. What Is Leukemia in Dogs?
Leukemia arises when bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that overtake healthy blood cells, entering circulation and organs like the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. There are two main types:
- Acute leukemia: Rapid proliferation of immature blasts—severe and fast‑onset.
- Chronic leukemia: Slow-growing mature abnormal cells—often with mild signs.
2. Acute vs Chronic Leukemia
| Feature | Acute | Chronic |
|---|---|---|
| Age | Often <6 yrs | Typically older dogs |
| Progression | Fast | Slow |
| Cell type | Immature blasts | Mature but abnormal |
| Symptoms | Severe—vomiting, lethargy | Mild or none |
3. Common Signs & Symptoms
- Lethargy, inappetence, weight loss
- Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, recurrent infections
- Enlarged lymph nodes, liver, spleen
- Neurological signs in acute cases (e.g., seizures, paralysis)
4. Causes & Risk Factors
- Exact cause unknown; suspected genetic and environmental triggers
- Breeds at higher risk: Golden Retrievers, GSDs, Pit Bulls, Bulldogs, Cocker Spaniels, etc
- Chemicals like benzene may play a role
5. Diagnosis: How Vets Confirm Leukemia
Commonly starts with routine bloodwork showing high WBC or cytopenias. Follow-up includes:
- Physical exam (palpation of lymph nodes, spleen)
- Bone marrow aspirate/biopsy to classify leukemia subtype
- Imaging (ultrasound, MRI) if neurologic signs are present
6. Treatment Options & Supportive Care
- Chronic leukemia: Often managed with chlorambucil + prednisone—many dogs do well 1–3 years
- Acute leukemia: Aggressive chemotherapy protocols (e.g., prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide), though survival is shorter—2–5 months average
- Supportive care: Antibiotics, fluids, nutritional support, antiemetics, transfusions when needed
- Integrative/holistic: May help quality of life but is supportive—not curative
7. Prognosis & Life Expectancy
- Chronic leukemia: Can maintain good quality of life for 1–3 years or longer
- Acute leukemia: Prognosis poorer—median survival ~2–5 months with treatment
- Individual response varies; quality-of-life assessment is key.
8. Quality‑of‑Life Tools & Enrichment
- Ask A Vet App: Telehealth check-ins for monitoring bloodwork, medication side effects, nutrition
9. Case Study: Scruffles’ Chronic Leukemia
Scruffles, a senior mixed breed
After routine bloodwork revealed mild lymphocytosis, we diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. He began chlorambucil with low-dose prednisone and monthly CBC monitoring. He tolerated oral chemo well, remained bright, and lived 2 years before auditory decline. Enrichment tools and telehealth kept his owner supported throughout.
10. When to Reevaluate or Shift Goals
- Ongoing vomiting, inappetence, pain, or repeated infections signal review
- Frequent bloodwork to track side effects
- Consult Ask A Vet to discuss quality‑of‑life or palliative transitions
📌 Final Thoughts from a Vet
Leukemia in dogs can feel overwhelming, but with prompt diagnosis, thoughtful treatment, and supportive care, many dogs—especially those with chronic forms—can enjoy good quality of life. Whether it's gentle chemo at home, hydration support, or mental stimulation, partnering with your vet and leveraging tools like Ask A Vet, ensures your dog’s comfort and dignity. Early detection and ongoing care are key—you're not alone in this journey. 🐾❤️
