Hepatic Encephalopathy in Dogs: Vet-Approved Causes, Symptoms & Treatments (2025 Guide)🐶🩺

By Dr. Duncan Houston BVSc

As a veterinarian, I occasionally encounter cases of hepatic encephalopathy in dogs, a condition that can significantly impact a dog's health. Understanding this disorder is crucial for early detection and effective treatment. This comprehensive guide aims to educate pet owners on the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for hepatic encephalopathy in dogs.

🧬 What Is Hepatic Encephalopathy?

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder resulting from liver dysfunction. When the liver fails to detoxify the blood effectively, toxins like ammonia accumulate, leading to impaired brain function. This condition can be acute or chronic and is often associated with liver diseases or portosystemic shunts.

🐾 Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors can contribute to hepatic encephalopathy in dogs:

• 🧬 Portosystemic Shunts (PSS): Abnormal blood vessels bypass the liver, preventing detoxification.
• 🦠 Liver Diseases: Conditions like cirrhosis or hepatitis impair liver function.
• ☠️ Toxins: Ingestion of substances harmful to the liver.
• 💊 Medications: Certain drugs can exacerbate liver issues.
• 🍖 High-Protein Diets: Excessive protein can increase ammonia levels.

Breeds like Yorkshire Terriers and Maltese are more predisposed to congenital PSS.

⚠️ Symptoms of Hepatic Encephalopathy

Signs of HE can vary but often include:

• 🔄 Disorientation or circling
• 🧠 Seizures
• 👁️ Blindness
• 🐾 Weakness or ataxia
• 🗣️ Excessive vocalization
• 🛌 Lethargy or depression
• 🤢 Vomiting or diarrhea
• 💧 Increased thirst and urination

These symptoms may worsen after meals due to increased ammonia production from protein digestion.

🩺 Diagnosing Hepatic Encephalopathy

Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests:

• 🧪 Blood Tests: Assess liver enzymes and ammonia levels.
• 🖼️ Imaging: Ultrasound or CT scans to detect liver abnormalities or shunts.
• 💉 Bile Acid Tests: Evaluate liver function.
• 🔬 Urinalysis: Check for urinary tract infections or crystals.

Early detection is crucial for effective management.

💊 Treatment Options

Treatment focuses on reducing ammonia levels and managing underlying liver issues:

• 💉 Lactulose: A sugar that helps trap ammonia in the colon for excretion.
• 💊 Antibiotics: Reduce ammonia-producing bacteria in the gut.
• 🥗 Dietary Management: Low-protein diets with high-quality, easily digestible proteins like dairy or soy.
• 🛌 Supportive Care: Intravenous fluids and medications to manage symptoms.

In cases of PSS, surgical correction may be necessary.

🛡️ Preventing Hepatic Encephalopathy

While not all cases are preventable, certain measures can reduce risk:

• 🏥 Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Early detection of liver issues.
• 🍽️ Proper Nutrition: Balanced diets tailored to your dog's needs.
• 🚫 Avoid Toxins: Keep harmful substances out of reach.
• 💊 Medication Management: Use drugs cautiously under veterinary guidance.

📱 Support and Resources

If you suspect your dog has hepatic encephalopathy, consult your veterinarian promptly. For additional support:

• Ask A Vet: Access professional veterinary advice through the Ask A Vet platform.
• Download the Ask A Vet App: For quick access to veterinary support, download the Ask A Vet app.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve your dog's quality of life.

🐾 For more expert advice and pet care tips, visit AskAVet.com.