Polycythemia Vera in Dogs: Vet-Approved Causes, Symptoms & Treatments (2025 Guide) 🩺🐶🩸

By Dr. Duncan Houston BVSc

As a veterinarian, I occasionally encounter cases of polycythemia vera in dogs, a rare condition that can significantly impact a dog's health. Understanding this disorder is crucial for early detection and effective treatment. This comprehensive guide aims to educate pet owners on the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for polycythemia vera in dogs.

🧬 What Is Polycythemia Vera?

Polycythemia vera is a rare myeloproliferative disorder in dogs characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells by the bone marrow. This leads to increased blood viscosity, making it harder for blood to flow through small vessels, potentially resulting in various health complications.

⚠️ Symptoms of Polycythemia Vera

Symptoms can develop gradually and may include:

• 😴 Lethargy: Decreased energy levels and reluctance to exercise.
• 🍽️ Loss of Appetite: Reduced interest in food.
• 🌡️ Reddened Skin: Noticeable redness, especially on the gums and mucous membranes.
• 💧 Increased Thirst and Urination: Drinking and urinating more than usual.
• 🧠 Neurological Signs: Seizures, disorientation, or behavioral changes.

If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms, consult your veterinarian promptly.

🐾 Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact cause of polycythemia vera is unknown, it is considered a primary condition resulting from bone marrow abnormalities. It is more commonly seen in older dogs. Secondary causes of increased red blood cell production, such as chronic hypoxia or tumors, should be ruled out to confirm a diagnosis of polycythemia vera.

🩺 Diagnosing Polycythemia Vera

Diagnosis involves several steps:

• 🧪 Complete Blood Count (CBC): To assess red blood cell levels.
• 🔬 Bone Marrow Examination: Evaluating marrow activity and ruling out other disorders.
• 🖼️ Imaging: X-rays or ultrasounds to check for underlying conditions.
• 🧬 Erythropoietin Levels: Measuring hormone levels to differentiate between primary and secondary polycythemia.

💊 Treatment Options

Treatment focuses on reducing red blood cell mass and managing symptoms:

• 🩸 Phlebotomy: Periodic removal of blood to decrease viscosity.
• 💊 Hydroxyurea: A medication that suppresses bone marrow activity to reduce red blood cell production.
• 🛌 Supportive Care: Managing symptoms and monitoring for complications.

Regular monitoring and follow-up with your veterinarian are essential to adjust treatment as needed.

🛡️ Preventing Polycythemia Vera

As a primary bone marrow disorder, polycythemia vera cannot be prevented. However, early detection through regular veterinary check-ups can help manage the condition effectively and improve your dog's quality of life.

📱 Support and Resources

If you suspect your dog has polycythemia vera, consult your veterinarian promptly. For additional support:

• Ask A Vet: Access professional veterinary advice through the Ask A Vet platform.
• Download the Ask A Vet App: For quick access to veterinary support, download the Ask A Vet app.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve your dog's quality of life.

🐾 For more expert advice and pet care tips, visit AskAVet.com.