Veterinary Guide to Hepatomegaly (Enlarged Liver) in Dogs 2025 🐶🩺

By Dr. Duncan Houston BVSc

🔍 Introduction

Hepatomegaly—an enlarged liver—is a clinical sign, not a disease. It may signal metabolic, infectious, congestive, or neoplastic issues. In this 2025 guide, I'll walk you through its causes, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. 🩺

💡 What Is Hepatomegaly?

• Enlargement of the entire liver confirmed via imaging or palpation.
• Indicates underlying disturbances such as inflammation, fat accumulation, congestion, or infiltration.

🐾 Common Causes & Risk Factors

• Vacuolar hepatopathy is linked to Cushing’s, diabetes, or chronic steroid use.
• Infectious: leptospirosis, viral hepatitis (CAV‑1), fungal or bacterial hepatitis.
• Congestion: right-sided heart failure, portosystemic shunts.
• Neoplastic: primary liver tumors or metastatic lesions.
• Storage and metabolic diseases: copper storage, amyloidosis, lipidosis, congenital conditions.

🚨 Signs & Clinical Clues

• Abdominal distension, palpable liver edge past ribs.
• Symptoms depend on the cause: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, PU/PD, and ascites.
• Jaundice, pale gums, bruising, neurologic signs (hepatic encephalopathy).
• Lethargy and weakness are typical initial complaints.

🔬 Diagnostic Approach

• Physical exam: palpate liver size, check mucous membranes, and ascites.
• Bloodwork: CBC, biochemistry (liver enzymes), bile acids, coagulation profile.
• Imaging: X‑rays show rounded, caudal liver margins; ultrasound assesses size, texture, focal masses, and vasculature.
• Tissue sampling: ultrasound‑guided biopsy or aspirate for histopathology and cultures.
• Cardiac tests: ECG/echocardiography if heart disease is suspected.

🏥 Treatment Strategies

• Address cause: antibiotics/antivirals for infection; surgery for shunts or tumors; heart failure meds.
• Supportive care: IV fluids, multivitamins, SAM‑e, milk thistle.
• Diet modifications: low‑protein, high‑quality protein diets to reduce hepatic encephalopathy and encephalopathy risk.
• Manage complications: diuretics for ascites, supplement vitamin K for coagulation issues.

📈 Monitoring & Prognosis

• Follow-up labs and imaging to assess response and detect progression.
• Prognosis varies—from excellent (reversible disease) to guarded (chronic, neoplastic, or severe metabolic conditions).

🛡 Prevention & Maintenance

• Vaccinate against canine hepatitis.
• Monitor chronic disease patients (Cushing’s, diabetes, heart failure) with regular liver assessments.
• Prevent leptospirosis and exposure to toxins or hepatotoxic drugs.
• Early work-ups for nonspecific signs—enlarged liver is often the first clue.

🔧 Recommended Tools & Services

• Ask A Vet App: 24/7 expert guidance for symptoms, diagnostics & care plans 📱

✅ Final Thoughts

Hepatomegaly signals diverse and potentially serious underlying diseases. A thorough diagnostic approach is vital, along with targeted treatment and supportive care. With early intervention and monitoring, many dogs recover or maintain their quality of life. Rely on trusted platforms like AskAVet.com and supportive tools like Safeguard to ensure your dog's liver health into 2025 and beyond. 🐾❤️

Download the Ask A Vet app today for instant veterinary support, comprehensive diagnostics, and care guidance for liver health and overall wellness. 🩺📱