Veterinary Guide to Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) in Dogs 2025 🐶🩺 

By Dr. Duncan Houston BVSc

🔍 Introduction

Splenomegaly—or enlarged spleen—is not a disease itself, but a sign that may indicate serious issues such as tumors, infection, trauma, or blood disorders. In this comprehensive 2025 guide, I will walk you through the causes, symptoms, diagnostic steps, treatment options, and prevention strategies to help you support your dog’s health. 🩺

💡 What Is the Spleen & Why Can It Enlarge?

• The spleen filters blood, stores immune cells, platelets and red blood cells. It can distend to store more blood—sometimes physiologically, but often due to disease.
• An enlarged spleen may result from tumors, hematomas, infections, immune responses, heart disease, congestion, or trauma.

⚠️ Causes & Risk Factors

• Tumors: Benign (hemangioma, hematoma) and malignant (hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma)—tumors are a leading cause.
• Hematoma: A blood-filled swelling may rupture and cause life-threatening hemoabdomen.
• Infections/inflammation: Viral, bacterial, or immune-mediated illnesses can enlarge the spleen.
• Congestion: Blood pooling due to heart failure, venous blockage, or splenic torsion.
• Trauma: Blunt abdominal trauma can damage the spleen, leading to internal bleeding.

🚨 Signs & Symptoms

• Enlarged abdomen or palpable spleen
• Lethargy, inappetence, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, panting, pale gums
• Signs of internal bleeding—weakness, collapse, cold extremities, rapid heartbeat, abdominal distension due to hemoabdomen

🔬 Diagnosis

• Physical exam: palpation may reveal splenic enlargement or a fluid wave.
• Bloodwork: CBC may show anemia or thrombocytopenia; chemistry reveals organ function; coagulation profiles if bleeding is suspected.
• Imaging: X-rays (size/shape), ultrasound (evaluate texture, masses, fluid), CT if needed.
• Fluid analysis: Abdominocentesis may detect blood or neoplastic cells—helpful in suspected rupture.
• Biopsy: splenic wedge biopsy or fine-needle aspirate under ultrasound guidance to confirm tumor or inflammation.

🏥 Treatment Options

• Splenectomy Surgical Removal: Often recommended for any mass due to the risk of rupture; the spleen can be removed safely.
• Emergency care: Blood transfusion and stabilization if ruptured; urgent surgery.
• Medical treatment: For infections or immune disease—antibiotics or immunosuppressives; supportive care.
• Follow-up oncology: Chemotherapy may be recommended after removing malignant tumors like hemangiosarcoma.

📈 Prognosis & Monitoring

• Benign cases often resolve post-splenectomy with excellent outcomes.
• Malignant tumors carry a guarded to grave prognosis—survival can range from weeks to months, depending on type and treatment.
• Routine monitoring with exams, bloods, and imaging; post-op rechecks at 2 weeks, then every 1–3 months for malignant cases.

🛡 Prevention & Owner Tips

• Regular wellness exams include abdominal palpation and blood screening, especially for large/older dogs.
• Minimize trauma by supervising outdoor play and avoiding hazardous environments.
• Keep tick-borne and infectious risks low through prevention and early treatment.

🔧 Tools & Support Services

• Ask A Vet App: 24/7 expert guidance for early signs or emergencies 📱

✅ Final Thoughts

Splenomegaly can indicate a wide range of health issues, from benign storage to life-threatening tumors or bleeding. Early eval, diagnosis, and tailored treatment are essential. With splenectomy and appropriate care, many dogs lead healthy post-surgery lives, though malignant cases need more cautious appointments. Rely on AskAVet.com, 🐾❤️

Download the Ask A Vet app today for real-time veterinary support and ensure your dog gets the best care for spleen-related health challenges. 🩺📱