🧬 What Is E. cuniculi?

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian parasite—phylogenetically related to fungi—that commonly infects domestic rabbits. It spreads via spores in urine, infecting the kidneys, nervous system, and eyes :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}. Many rabbits carry it without illness, but infection can cause serious disease :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.

🚩 How Rabbits Become Infected

• Spores shed in urine—most common transmission method :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
• Oral or respiratory exposure to contaminated food, water, or surfaces.
• In-utero (vertical) transmission—kits may develop eye lesions at birth :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
• Wild rabbits and asymptomatic carriers can spread the disease :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.

⚠️ Why It Matters

Seroprevalence studies show 23–80% of pet rabbits have been exposed :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}. While many remain healthy, a subset develop serious neurologic, renal, or ocular disease :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.

🧠 Clinical Signs

Nervous system:

• Head tilt, ataxia, circling, tremors, nystagmus, paralysis :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
• Seizures or rolling in severe cases :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.

Renal involvement:

• Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, dehydration, urinary incontinence :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.

Ocular signs:

• Phacoclastic uveitis, cataract, lens rupture, often unilateral :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.

Signs may be acute or chronic depending on organ involvement and immune response :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.

🔍 Diagnosing E. cuniculi

• History & exam: look for vestibular, renal, or ocular signs.
• Serology (IgG/IgM): indicates exposure, but doesn’t prove active disease :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
• PCR: can detect DNA in lens fluid or urine/CSF—more reliable in ocular cases :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.
• Imaging: may identify kidney, CNS or eye lesions.
• Rule out: other causes of head tilt—ear infections, trauma, strokes, toxins :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.

Antemortem diagnosis is often presumptive—based on clinical signs and supportive test results :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.

💊 Treatment Protocols

• Fenbendazole: 20 mg/kg daily x 28 days—preferred for safety :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.
• Albendazole: effective but risk of bone marrow suppression—monitor CBC :contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.
• Supportive care: NSAIDs/analgesics for comfort, IV/SC fluids for hydration, nutritional support :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.
• Ocular surgery: lens removal may be needed in uveitis cases :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.
• Physiotherapy: gentle limb support if mobility impaired :contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.
• Monitor: repeat serology or clinical exams during and post-treatment.

No cure—therapy controls infection; relapses can occur, especially in neurologically affected rabbits :contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.

🏡 Home Care & Support

• Quiet, stress-free environment with easy access to food and water.
• Syringe-feed critical-care formulas if appetite is poor.
• Provide SC fluids as directed.
• Low-entry litter box for limited mobility.
• Warmth, gentle handling, and joint support for neurologic bunnies.
• Work with your vet to balance diet, hydration, and pain relief.

🛡️ Prevention & Management

• Isolate new or affected rabbits for at least 4 weeks; test before introduction.
• Clean cages daily—remove urine and disinfect (70% alcohol, formaldehyde, boiling water) :contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.
• Quarantine breeding rabbits—watch for vertical transmission.
• Maintain hygiene when handling susceptible or immunocompromised individuals—risk to healthy humans extremely low :contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.
• Consider routine fenbendazole prophylaxis in multi-rabbit households :contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.

📋 Quick Reference Table

🧠 Pro Vet Tips for 2025

• Fenbendazole remains first-line—avoid benzimidazole toxicity.
• Integrate supportive care early to aid nerve function and healing.
• View serology in conjunction with symptoms—not alone.
• Consider PCR for definitive ocular cases.
• Use environment control and quarantine to protect group health.
• Track progress—relapse can occur even months later.

🔚 Final Thoughts

E. cuniculi is a widespread yet often silent parasite in rabbits. While many infected bunnies stay healthy, some develop serious neurological, kidney, or eye problems. With early diagnosis, a carefully balanced treatment plan—fenbendazole, supportive care, environmental management—and ongoing monitoring, affected rabbits can often regain function and quality of life. Vigilant hygiene, screening, and stress-free care are essential to prevent and manage this condition through 2025 and beyond. 🐇❤️

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