Vet Guide 2025: Inclusion Body Disease (IBD) in Snakes 🐍 by Dr Duncan Houston 🩺

Hello! I’m Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc and founder of Ask A Vet. Inclusion Body Disease (IBD) is a serious, ultimately fatal viral condition affecting boid snakes like boas and pythons. As we continue into 2025, it's vital to understand its causes, classic clinical signs such as ‘stargazing’ and regurgitation, diagnostic options, and why strict quarantine and biosecurity are essential. Sadly, there’s no cure—but early detection, supportive care, and prevention can safeguard your reptile collection.

1. What Is IBD?

IBD is a viral disease now attributed to reptarenaviruses, once thought to be retroviral in origin. It causes distinctive inclusion bodies—aggregates of viral proteins—within cells of the brain, liver, blood, and smooth muscle :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}. Boas may carry the virus asymptomatically for years, while infected pythons typically suffer rapidly progressive illness :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.

2. Which Snakes Are Affected?

• Boas (Boa constrictor and relatives): may show no signs yet act as virus carriers :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
• Pythons: often develop severe neurological signs, regurgitation, and death :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
• Other boids: including anacondas, carpet pythons, and tree boas, can also contract IBD :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.

3. Classic Signs & Symptoms

• Neurological: stargazing (opisthotonos), corkscrewing, loss of righting reflex, ataxia, tremors and paralysis :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.
• Regurgitation: common in boas, often recurrent :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.
• Chronic illness: weight loss, anorexia, pneumonia, stomatitis, dysecdysis :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
• Subclinical carriers: infected snakes may show no signs but shed virus :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.

4. How IBD Spreads

Transmission occurs through bodily fluids, direct contact, contaminated surfaces, breeding, and mites like Ophionyssus natricis :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}. Vertical transmission via eggs or fetal fluids is also possible :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}. The virus persists in collections, making quarantine critical.

5. Diagnosing IBD

• Blood/buffy coat smears: identification of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in white blood cells and erythrocytes (especially in boas) :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.
• PCR testing: detects reptarenavirus nucleic acid in blood :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
• Biopsy/histopathology: endoscopic sampling of esophageal tonsils or liver to identify inclusion bodies :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.
• Neurological exam: supportive for clinical suspicion :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.

6. Treatment & Prognosis

There is no cure or antiviral therapy available. Supportive care may include fluids, heat, nutritional support, and treating secondary infections—but is not curative :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}. Euthanasia is recommended for animals with clinical signs to prevent suffering and reduce spread :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.

7. Quarantine & Biosecurity Protocols

• New arrivals: quarantine for ≥6–12 months with periodic PCR/blood inclusion screening :contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.
• Isolation: immediately separate suspected or confirmed cases :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.
• Hygiene: use dedicated tools, gloves, and disinfect enclosures between animals :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.
• Mite control: treat mites to prevent vector-borne spread :contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.

8. Collection Management & Prevention

• Test all boid snakes regularly, even asymptomatic ones :contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.
• Avoid mixing boas and pythons; boas may transmit to susceptible pythons :contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.
• Keep precise records of health status and consult reptile-experienced veterinarians frequently.

9. Ask A Vet Support 🩺

If your boid snake exhibits neurological signs, recurrent regurgitation, weight loss, or you need help establishing quarantine protocols, reach out via the Ask A Vet app. Share blood smear images, PCR results, tank layouts, and clinical histories to receive expert guidance. Visit AskAVet.com 📱

10. Final Thoughts

IBD remains one of the most dreaded viral diseases in captive snakes. While there is no cure, understanding its epidemiology, rigid quarantine, and early detection are crucial for protecting individual animals and collections. With 2025-level biosecurity and Ask A Vet support, breeders and keepers can minimize risk and respond promptly to outbreaks. 🩺🌿

— Dr Duncan Houston, BVSc