FIV in Cats: What a Positive Test Means, Treatment and Life Expectancy

By Dr Duncan Houston

Hearing that your cat has tested positive for feline immunodeficiency virus, commonly called FIV, can be frightening. The name makes many owners assume their cat is seriously ill or has only a short time left.

That is often not the case.

FIV is a lifelong viral infection, but a positive test does not automatically mean a cat is currently sick, has advanced immune failure, or should be euthanised. Many FIV-positive cats remain healthy for years, and some live nearly as long as cats without FIV when they receive appropriate care. (Sage Journals)

The first priorities are to interpret the test correctly, assess the cat’s current health and reduce the risk of future infections, fighting and unnecessary stress.

Quick Answer

FIV is a lifelong feline virus transmitted mainly through deep bite wounds between cats. A positive screening result may need further testing, particularly in a healthy low-risk cat, a kitten younger than six months, or a cat previously vaccinated against FIV.

FIV itself is not an immediate emergency, and euthanasia should never be based on a positive test alone. Most healthy FIV-positive cats do not need antiviral treatment, but they benefit from indoor living, six-monthly health checks, good dental care, prompt treatment of illness and careful monitoring for weight loss or recurrent infection. (Sage Journals)

What Is FIV?

Feline immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus belonging to the lentivirus group. It infects cells involved in the immune response and establishes a persistent infection.

After infection, a cat may pass through several phases:

Early infection: There may be a brief fever, enlarged lymph nodes or changes in white blood cell numbers, although this stage often goes unnoticed.
Asymptomatic infection: The cat appears healthy. This period may last for many years.
Progressive immune dysfunction: Some cats become more vulnerable to recurrent infections, inflammatory disease, oral disease, neurological problems or cancer.
Advanced FIV-associated disease: A smaller proportion develop severe immune dysfunction and persistent illness.

Not every FIV-positive cat progresses to advanced disease. Some remain clinically well for most or all of their lives. (Sage Journals)

Is FIV the Same as Feline AIDS?

Not exactly.

FIV infection and advanced immune failure are not interchangeable terms. A cat may be infected with FIV but remain healthy and asymptomatic for years.

The term “feline AIDS” is sometimes used for the advanced stage of disease when immune dysfunction has become clinically significant. It should not be used to describe every cat that receives a positive FIV result.

What matters most is not the test result by itself, but:

Whether the result is reliable
Whether the cat currently has clinical disease
Whether another condition is also present
Whether the cat is maintaining weight and muscle
Whether infections or oral disease keep returning
Whether the home environment is stable and low stress

How Serious Is FIV?

The urgency depends on the cat’s condition, not simply whether the test is positive.

Risk level	What it may look like	What to do
Lower immediate risk	Cat appears well, eats normally, maintains weight and has an unexpected positive screening result	Arrange follow-up testing and a baseline health assessment
Moderate	Mild weight loss, intermittent diarrhea, recurring sneezing, skin disease or early dental problems	Arrange a veterinary examination within the next few days
High	Not eating, painful mouth, persistent fever, marked weight loss, recurrent infections, vomiting, diarrhea or significant lethargy	Seek same-day veterinary care
Critical	Difficulty breathing, collapse, seizures, severe weakness, uncontrolled bleeding, profound dehydration or inability to stand	Attend an emergency veterinary hospital immediately

A healthy FIV-positive cat does not need emergency admission just because of the test. A sick FIV-positive cat should not have every symptom blamed on FIV without proper investigation.

How Is FIV Spread?

The main route of natural FIV transmission is a deep penetrating bite wound from an infected cat. Saliva and infected white blood cells are introduced beneath the skin during the fight.

Cats at greatest risk therefore include:

Entire male cats
Cats that roam outdoors
Cats with a history of fighting
Cats with previous bite wounds or abscesses
Cats living in unstable groups where aggression occurs

Transmission from an infected queen to her kittens can occur, but it appears uncommon under natural conditions. Sexual transmission is also considered unusual, although fighting and biting may occur during mating. (Sage Journals)

Can FIV Spread Through Food Bowls, Grooming or Litter Trays?

Routine social contact is a very inefficient way of transmitting FIV.

Sharing food bowls, water bowls, bedding and litter trays is unlikely to spread the virus when cats live peacefully together. Mutual grooming is also considered a low-risk activity.

In one sanctuary study, eight FIV-positive cats lived with 130 uninfected cats for several years without documented transmission. This does not mean the risk is absolutely zero, but it confirms that fighting is far more important than ordinary household contact. (PubMed)

FIV is also fragile outside the body. It does not remain infectious for long on dry household surfaces, and normal cleaning products readily inactivate it. (Sage Journals)

Can FIV-Positive and FIV-Negative Cats Live Together?

Sometimes, yes.

FIV-positive and FIV-negative cats may live together with a low risk of transmission when:

Every cat is desexed
The household has a stable social structure
The cats do not fight
There are enough food bowls, water stations, litter trays, hiding places and resting areas
New cats are not introduced carelessly
The cats are monitored for tension, chasing, blocking and aggression

However, separating infected and uninfected cats is the only way to eliminate direct transmission risk completely.

Mixed-status housing is not appropriate when cats fight, inflict bite wounds or cannot share the home without ongoing conflict. Introducing another cat can also destabilise a previously peaceful group and trigger aggression. (Sage Journals)

An FIV-positive result does not automatically mean that a cat must be surrendered, isolated in one small room or separated from a bonded companion. The decision should be based on the actual behaviour of the cats and the household’s ability to prevent fighting.

What Are the Signs of FIV in Cats?

Many infected cats have no obvious signs for years.

When clinical disease develops, possible signs include:

Unexplained weight loss
Reduced appetite
Recurrent fever
Enlarged lymph nodes
Chronic gingivitis or stomatitis
Bad breath, drooling or pain while eating
Recurrent respiratory infections
Chronic nasal discharge
Recurrent skin or ear infections
Persistent diarrhea
Poor coat quality
Slow wound healing
Eye inflammation
Anaemia or abnormal white blood cell counts
Neurological changes
Lymphoma or another cancer

Oral inflammatory disease is particularly important in FIV-positive cats, although FIV is not the only cause of feline gingivostomatitis. FIV-positive cats also have an increased risk of lymphoma, bone marrow abnormalities, neurological disease and infections associated with impaired immune function. (Sage Journals)

Does FIV Cause Every Illness in a Positive Cat?

No.

FIV-positive cats still develop all the ordinary problems seen in other cats, including:

Dental disease
Kidney disease
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes
Pancreatitis
Gastrointestinal disease
Urinary disease
Arthritis
Heart disease
Parasites
Food or environmental allergies
Trauma
Age-related illness

A positive FIV result can influence treatment and monitoring, but it should not become a shortcut that replaces a proper diagnosis.

In practice, one of the most important questions is:

Would this illness require investigation in an FIV-negative cat?

If the answer is yes, it still requires investigation in an FIV-positive cat. Current retrovirus guidance specifically recommends determining whether an illness is unrelated to FIV, secondary to immune dysfunction or directly associated with the infection. (Sage Journals)

How Is FIV Diagnosed?

FIV is usually diagnosed by detecting antibodies against the virus in blood.

Common point-of-care tests use whole blood, plasma or serum and may use an enzyme-linked or rapid immunomigration method. Most infected cats develop detectable antibodies within approximately 60 days of infection. (Sage Journals)

A screening test result should always be interpreted alongside:

The cat’s age
Clinical signs
Outdoor access
Fighting history
Previous bite wounds
FIV vaccination history
Local FIV prevalence
Results from previous tests

Does a Positive FIV Test Always Mean the Cat Is Infected?

Not always.

Modern point-of-care tests are generally accurate, but no test is perfect. False-positive results become particularly important when testing a healthy cat with a very low risk of exposure.

A positive result is more convincing in an older entire male cat that roams, fights and has previously developed bite abscesses. The same result deserves more caution in a young, indoor-only cat from a low-risk household.

Additional investigation may involve:

Repeating the test using a different test platform
Sending a sample to a reference laboratory
Western blot antibody testing where available
A validated PCR test
Repeat testing after an appropriate interval
Reviewing the cat’s FIV vaccination history

PCR should not automatically be treated as a perfect confirmation test. Some genuinely infected cats test negative because viral loads may be low or the assay may not detect the circulating viral strain. Results can also vary between laboratories. (Sage Journals)

A single unexpected positive screening result should not be used as the sole basis for euthanasia or an irreversible housing decision.

Can a Recently Infected Cat Test Negative?

Yes.

A cat may test negative during the early period after infection because antibodies have not yet reached detectable levels.

When recent exposure is possible, such as after a fight with an unknown cat, a negative antibody test should generally be repeated no earlier than 60 days after the last potential exposure. Most cats have developed detectable antibodies by this point, although delayed responses can occasionally occur. (Sage Journals)

The wound itself still needs prompt treatment. Do not wait two months to have a bite abscess examined just because FIV testing will need to be repeated later.

How Are Kittens Tested for FIV?

Kittens born to an FIV-positive or FIV-vaccinated queen may receive FIV antibodies through colostrum. These maternal antibodies can produce a positive antibody test even when the kitten is not infected.

Most maternally derived antibodies disappear during the first few months of life, but they can occasionally remain detectable until six months of age.

A positive kitten may therefore need:

Repeat antibody testing over time
Retesting after six months of age
A carefully selected validated PCR test when an earlier answer is clinically important

A kitten that remains antibody-positive after six months of age is much more likely to be genuinely infected. (Sage Journals)

Does FIV Vaccination Affect Testing?

It can.

The FIV vaccine is not available in every country, but it remains available in some regions. It has not been discontinued worldwide.

Vaccinated cats develop antibodies against FIV. Some antibody tests may therefore produce positive results following vaccination, even when the cat is not naturally infected. Other test platforms may distinguish infection more reliably after enough time has passed since the initial vaccination course.

The veterinarian needs to know:

Whether the cat has ever received an FIV vaccine
Which vaccine was used
When the last dose was administered
Which diagnostic test is being used

Vaccination history, microchip identification and accurate medical records are particularly important because vaccine-associated antibodies can persist for years with some test methods. (Sage Journals)

What Should Happen After an FIV-Positive Result?

1. Confirm that the result makes sense

Discuss whether additional testing is appropriate, particularly when the cat is healthy, young, vaccinated or has little obvious exposure risk.

2. Assess the cat’s current health

A baseline assessment may include:

Complete physical examination
Accurate body weight
Body and muscle condition scoring
Oral and dental examination
Lymph node assessment
Eye examination
Complete blood count
Blood chemistry
Urinalysis
FeLV testing
Additional tests based on clinical findings

The purpose is not to perform every possible test simply because the cat has FIV. It is to establish whether the cat is currently healthy and identify problems that need attention.

3. Test other cats in the household

Housemates should have their retrovirus status assessed. A negative cat may need repeat testing at least 60 days after the last potential exposure if fighting or bite wounds have occurred.

4. Prevent further fighting

Keep the cat indoors or provide access to a secure enclosure. Desex intact cats and manage household resources to minimise conflict.

5. Do not make irreversible decisions immediately

A clinically healthy cat with a positive result may still have many good years ahead. FIV status alone is not a reason for euthanasia, abandonment or denial of adoption. (Sage Journals)

Does FIV Have a Cure?

There is currently no treatment that reliably eliminates FIV from an infected cat.

Most healthy FIV-positive cats do not require FIV-specific medication. Management instead focuses on:

Preventing exposure to infectious disease
Detecting illness early
Treating secondary conditions properly
Maintaining good nutrition
Managing dental and oral disease
Reducing stress
Monitoring weight and general health

FIV infection is persistent, but persistent does not mean continuously sick.

How Are Sick FIV-Positive Cats Treated?

Treatment should target the actual condition found.

Depending on the diagnosis, this might include:

Antibiotics for a confirmed or strongly suspected bacterial infection
Antifungal or antiparasitic medication when indicated
Dental treatment
Pain relief
Nutritional support
Fluid therapy
Treatment of gastrointestinal disease
Cancer treatment
Management of immune-mediated disease
Treatment of anaemia or bone marrow disease
Supportive care during neurological illness

FIV-positive cats should receive the same standard of anaesthesia, surgery, pain relief and medical care as other cats. Antibiotics should not be prescribed indefinitely or automatically simply because the cat is FIV-positive. (Sage Journals)

Is Zidovudine Used for FIV?

Zidovudine, also called AZT, is an antiretroviral medication that may be considered in selected FIV-positive cats, particularly those with:

Neurological signs suspected to be associated with FIV
Severe inflammatory oral disease
Other clinical illness thought to be directly related to viral infection

It is not a routine medication for every healthy FIV-positive cat and does not cure the infection.

AZT can cause bone marrow suppression and nonregenerative anaemia. Cats receiving it require regular blood tests, particularly during the early treatment period. Medication selection and dosing must be managed by a veterinarian familiar with the cat’s complete blood count and other health conditions. (Sage Journals)

Do Interferons or Immune Supplements Help?

Evidence for immune stimulants, interferons, antioxidants and general “immune-support” supplements is limited.

Some products may improve appetite or general nutritional intake, but they have not been shown to remove FIV from the body. Clinical studies of interferon have either been limited or have not consistently shown that any improvement resulted from control of FIV itself rather than treatment of secondary disease. (Sage Journals)

Supplements should not replace:

Proper dental treatment
Parasite prevention
Investigation of weight loss
Treatment of infection
Appropriate vaccination
A complete and balanced diet
Regular veterinary monitoring

Products marketed as “immune boosters” can also interact with medication or be nutritionally unnecessary. Their ingredients should be reviewed with the treating veterinarian.

What Should an FIV-Positive Cat Eat?

An FIV-positive cat should eat a complete and balanced feline diet appropriate for their age and health conditions.

There is no single special FIV diet.

Raw meat and raw dairy products should be avoided because they can expose the cat to food-borne bacteria and parasites. This is particularly undesirable in a cat whose immune response may already be impaired. (Sage Journals)

The practical nutritional priorities are:

Maintaining a stable body weight
Preserving muscle condition
Providing adequate calories and protein
Ensuring the diet is nutritionally complete
Addressing dental pain that interferes with eating
Investigating unexplained appetite or weight changes promptly

A downward weight trend can appear before more obvious signs of illness. Weighing the cat at home every two to four weeks can make subtle change easier to detect.

Should an FIV-Positive Cat Be Kept Indoors?

Ideally, yes.

Indoor living or access to a secure outdoor enclosure helps:

Prevent transmission to neighbourhood cats
Prevent bite wounds and abscesses
Reduce exposure to infectious diseases
Reduce trauma from vehicles and animals
Make appetite, urination and behaviour easier to monitor

However, a sudden poorly managed transition indoors can create significant stress for a cat accustomed to roaming. Indoor housing should include:

Climbing areas
Scratching surfaces
Hiding places
Window access
Daily interactive play
Food puzzles
Several separated resting areas
Predictable routines
Secure catio access where practical

Current retrovirus guidance recognises that housing and stress levels can influence disease progression. FIV-positive cats in low-density homes have generally had better outcomes than cats living in crowded, high-stress environments with heavy infectious exposure. (Sage Journals)

What Veterinary Monitoring Does an FIV-Positive Cat Need?

A clinically healthy FIV-positive cat should generally receive a veterinary examination at least every six months.

The examination should pay particular attention to:

Body weight and muscle condition
Mouth, teeth and gums
Lymph nodes
Skin and coat
Eyes
Respiratory signs
Evidence of parasites
New lumps or masses
Appetite and gastrointestinal signs

Current guidelines recommend a complete blood count annually for FIV-positive cats, with annual blood chemistry and urinalysis also considered appropriate. Testing should be performed more frequently when the cat is unwell or receiving medication that can affect the blood cells, kidneys or liver. (Sage Journals)

At home, monitor:

Weight
Appetite
Water intake
Activity
Coat quality
Mouth pain or drooling
Vomiting or diarrhea
Urination
Sneezing or nasal discharge
Wounds or abscesses

Small changes matter more when they persist or occur together.

Should FIV-Positive Cats Still Be Vaccinated?

Vaccination should not automatically be stopped.

An FIV-positive cat should not receive an FIV vaccine because it provides no benefit once infection is established. Decisions about other vaccines should be based on:

Indoor or outdoor lifestyle
Exposure to other cats
Local disease prevalence
Boarding or travel
Age
Previous vaccination history
Current health
Local rabies laws
Any immunosuppressive treatment

The blanket claim that routine vaccines will “activate FIV” is not supported strongly enough to justify leaving every FIV-positive cat unprotected. Current WSAVA guidance recommends an individual risk-benefit assessment rather than automatic vaccine avoidance. Inactivated or recombinant products may be selected in some circumstances, although evidence that modified-live vaccines cause harm in FIV-positive cats is sparse. (WSAVA)

Vaccination should normally be delayed when a cat is acutely unwell until their condition has been assessed and stabilised.

Is There an FIV Vaccine for Uninfected Cats?

An FIV vaccine is available in some countries and is classified as a non-core vaccine. It may be considered for uninfected cats with a meaningful risk of bite wounds, particularly cats that roam or fight.

Important limitations include:

It does not provide complete protection
FIV testing should be performed before vaccination
An initial vaccination course and ongoing boosters are required
Vaccination may complicate interpretation of future antibody tests
Indoor housing and prevention of fighting remain more reliable preventive strategies

Cats vaccinated against FIV should have clear permanent identification and complete vaccination records. (Sage Journals)

What Is the Life Expectancy of an FIV-Positive Cat?

There is no single survival time that applies to every FIV-positive cat.

Several earlier studies found that FIV-positive cats did not have significantly shorter survival than comparable uninfected cats. Appropriate care, a stable environment and prompt treatment of illness can allow many cats to live for years with good quality of life. (PubMed)

A 2026 study examining lifetime records from a UK sanctuary reported median life expectancies of:

160.3 months for uninfected cats
149.1 months for FIV-positive cats
41.5 months for FeLV-positive cats
74.2 months for cats positive for both FIV and FeLV

FIV was associated with a modest reduction in longevity in that particular population, but the effect was much smaller than for FeLV. The study involved relatively small groups and a sanctuary population, so its figures should not be treated as an individual countdown for every cat. (PubMed)

The practical conclusion is that FIV may influence long-term health, but the test result alone is a poor predictor of how long a particular cat will live.

What Affects the Prognosis?

A better prognosis is generally associated with:

Being clinically well at diagnosis
Stable body weight
Good appetite
A low-stress home
Indoor or securely enclosed living
Good dental health
Prompt treatment of infections
Reliable parasite prevention
Regular veterinary monitoring
No FeLV coinfection

The outlook becomes more guarded when a cat develops:

Persistent weight loss
Severe or recurrent stomatitis
Repeated infections
Significant anaemia or other blood abnormalities
Neurological disease
Lymphoma or another cancer
Severe chronic organ disease
FeLV coinfection
Advanced loss of quality of life

FIV status should form part of the prognosis, but it should never replace an assessment of the cat actually sitting in front of the veterinarian.

Can FIV Infect Humans, Dogs or Other Pets?

No. FIV is species-specific and does not infect humans or dogs. It is not the same virus as HIV. (ABCD cats and vets)

An FIV-positive cat does not pose a human FIV risk.

As with any cat, bites and scratches can transmit bacteria. People with weakened immune systems should use sensible hygiene, avoid rough play that leads to bites, keep parasite control current and seek medical advice promptly after a significant bite or scratch. This applies to cat ownership generally and is not a reason to avoid or surrender an FIV-positive cat. (CDC)

When Is FIV an Emergency?

The FIV result itself is not usually an emergency. The cat’s symptoms may be.

Seek emergency veterinary treatment if an FIV-positive cat develops:

Difficulty breathing
Open-mouth breathing
Collapse
Inability to stand
Seizures
Sudden disorientation
Very pale or yellow gums
Severe weakness
Uncontrolled bleeding
Repeated vomiting with rapid deterioration
Severe dehydration
An inability to urinate
Major trauma
Suspected poisoning

Arrange same-day veterinary care for:

Refusal of food for approximately 24 hours
Persistent fever
A painful or bleeding mouth
A bite wound or swelling that may be an abscess
Repeated vomiting or diarrhea
Sudden weight loss
Marked lethargy
A rapidly enlarging lymph node or mass

Do not assume these signs are simply the virus “getting worse”. Many are treatable problems that require a separate diagnosis.

What Should You Do Right Now?

If your cat has just tested positive

Do not panic or make an immediate euthanasia decision.
Ask whether confirmatory or repeat testing is appropriate.
Provide the complete vaccination and exposure history.
Arrange a baseline health assessment.
Test other cats in the household.
Prevent roaming and fighting.
Desex the cat if this has not already been done and the cat is medically stable.
Start monitoring body weight at home.
Book six-monthly preventive health examinations.
Seek prompt care whenever new illness develops.

If your cat is already unwell

Book a veterinary examination promptly
Bring previous FIV and FeLV results
Record appetite, weight changes, vomiting, diarrhea and medication
Photograph mouth lesions, skin changes or wounds where practical
Do not give human medication
Do not begin leftover antibiotics
Do not start unproven immune supplements instead of seeking a diagnosis
Attend an emergency hospital if breathing, consciousness or mobility is affected

Common Mistakes After an FIV Diagnosis

Assuming the cat is dying

Many FIV-positive cats remain well for years. A result is not a prognosis by itself.

Euthanising based on one screening test

Unexpected positive results may require additional testing, especially in low-risk cats, kittens and previously vaccinated cats.

Blaming every illness on FIV

Kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, dental pain and many other common feline conditions still need to be investigated normally.

Stopping all vaccinations

Vaccination should be individualised, not abandoned automatically.

Feeding raw meat to “strengthen immunity”

Raw diets increase exposure to bacterial and parasitic pathogens and are particularly unsuitable for potentially immunocompromised cats.

Relying on immune boosters

No supplement has been shown to cure FIV or replace preventive healthcare and early treatment.

Ignoring dental disease

Painful gingivitis and stomatitis are common and can severely affect appetite, weight and quality of life.

Introducing new cats without planning

Even a previously peaceful household may become unstable when a new cat is added.

Allowing an infected cat to continue roaming and fighting

This exposes other cats to FIV and exposes the infected cat to wounds, abscesses, trauma and additional infectious diseases.

Can FIV Be Prevented?

The most effective preventive measures are:

Keeping cats indoors or within secure outdoor enclosures
Desexing cats
Preventing roaming and fighting
Testing newly acquired cats
Introducing cats gradually
Testing after possible exposure
Treating bite wounds promptly
Maintaining low-stress multi-cat environments
Providing enough separated household resources
Considering FIV vaccination for genuinely high-risk uninfected cats where the vaccine is available
Keeping accurate identification and vaccination records

Testing should be considered when:

A cat is newly acquired
A cat becomes ill
A cat has been bitten
A cat has lived outdoors or fought
A new cat is entering a household
FIV vaccination is being considered
Previous infection status is unknown

A negative test immediately after a fight does not exclude recent infection. Repeat testing may still be required after the antibody-development window. (Sage Journals)

Frequently Asked Questions

Can an FIV-positive cat live a normal life?

Yes. Many remain healthy for years and can have a lifespan close to that of an uninfected cat. Prognosis depends more on the cat’s current health, environment, concurrent disease and access to veterinary care than on the positive result alone.

Can an FIV-positive cat live with an FIV-negative cat?

They may be able to live together when both are desexed, the household is stable and they never fight. The risk is low but not zero. Cats that bite or fight should be separated.

Can FIV spread through food bowls or litter trays?

Transmission through ordinary household contact is unlikely. Deep bite wounds are the main natural route of infection.

Is a positive FIV test always accurate?

No test is perfect. Further testing is particularly important in a healthy low-risk cat, a kitten younger than six months or a cat previously vaccinated against FIV.

Can people catch FIV from cats?

No. FIV does not infect humans, dogs or other non-feline household pets.

The Most Important Takeaway

A positive FIV result is important, but it is not a death sentence.

The test must be interpreted in context, and unexpected results may need confirmation. A healthy FIV-positive cat may require no immediate treatment beyond preventive care, indoor management, regular monitoring and protection from fighting and infectious exposure.

What matters most is how the cat is feeling now, whether their weight and appetite remain stable, and whether new problems are investigated promptly rather than dismissed as “just FIV”.

FIV may change how carefully a cat is monitored. It should not change whether that cat deserves proper treatment, a comfortable home and the opportunity to live a full life.

If your cat has received an unexpected FIV result, is showing new signs of illness or you are unsure whether the situation is urgent, ASK A VET™ can help you understand the next step alongside your treating veterinarian.

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About the author

Dr Duncan Houston

Veterinarian · Founder of ASK A VET

Every ASK A VET article is written and reviewed by qualified veterinarians.

About Dr. Duncan →drduncanthevet

FIV in Cats: What a Positive Test Means, Treatment and Life Expectancy